Shi (poetry)
| Shi | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 詩 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 诗 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | poetry | ||||||||
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| Gushi | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 古詩 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 古诗 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | ancient poetry | ||||||||
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| Jintishi | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 近體詩 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 近体诗 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | modern poetry | ||||||||
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For categories of shi in Chinese literary criticism, see Classical Chinese poetry forms.
For the categories of shi in Japanese literary criticism, see Japanese Chinese poetry and modern Japanese poetry.
Shi[1] and shih[2] are romanizations of the character 詩 or 诗, the Chinese word for all poetry generally and across all languages.
In Western analysis of the styles of Chinese poetry, shi is also used as a term of art for a specific poetic tradition, modeled after the Old Chinese works collected in the Confucian Classic of Poetry. This anthology included both aristocratic poems (the "Hymns" and "Eulogies") and more rustic works believed to have derived from Huaxia folk songs (the "Odes"). They are composed in ancient Chinese, mostly in four-character lines. In such analysis, "shi" poetry is contrasted with other forms such as the Chu-derived "ci" and the Han-era "fu".[3][4] This use is not common within Chinese literature, however, which instead classifies these poems into other categories such as "classical Chinese poetry", "Field and Garden" poetry, and "curtailed" poetry.[5]
Forms
Gushi
| Gushi | |
|
Large seal character for shi ("poetry") | |
| Traditional Chinese | 古詩 |
|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 古诗 |
| Hanyu Pinyin | gǔshī |
| Wade–Giles | ku-shih |
Gushi, literally "Ancient Poetry", may be used in either of two senses. It may be used broadly to refer to the ancient poetry of China, chiefly the mostly anonymous works collected in the Confucian Classic of Poetry, the separate tradition exemplified by Qu Yuan and Song Yu's Songs of Chu, and the works collected by the Han "Music Bureau".
It may also be used strictly to refer to poems in the styles of the Confucian classic, regardless of their time of composition. Owing to the variety of pieces included in the Classic, there are few formal constraints apart from line length (usually four characters and no more than seven) and rhyming every other line.
Jintishi
Jintishi, literally "Modern Poetry", was actually composed from the 5th century onwards and is considered to have been fully developed by the early Tang dynasty. The works were principally written in five- and seven-character lines and involve constrained tone patterns, intended to balance the four tones of Middle Chinese within each couplet. The principal forms are the four-line jueju, the eight-line lüshi, and the unlimited pailü. In addition to the tonal patterns, lüshi and pailü were usually understood to further require parallelism in their interior couplets: a theme developed in one couplet would be contrasted in the following one, usually by means of the same parts of speech.
See also
- Gushi (Chinese)
- Classical Chinese poetry forms
- Classical Chinese poetry genres
- List of Chinese-language poets
References
- ↑ Based on the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system developed by mainland China in the 1950s and used by Taiwan since the 2000s.
- ↑ Based on the Wade-Giles system formerly used by Taiwan and English-speaking countries.
- ↑ Watson, Burton. Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. Columbia Univ. Press (New York), 1971. ISBN 0-231-03464-4.
- ↑ Frankel, Hans. The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady. Yale Univ. Press (New Haven), 1978. ISBN 0-300-02242-5.
- ↑ Yip Wai-lim. Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres. Duke Univ. Press (Durham), 1997. ISBN 0-8223-1946-2.
- Davis, Albert (ed.) The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse. Penguin Books (Baltimore), 1970.
External links
- Chinese Poems, a collection of Chinese poems with pinyin and parallel translation
- "Jintishi", an introduction to regulated verse
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