Pentatomoidea

Pentatomoidea
Acanthosoma labiduroides female
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Families

See text

The Pentatomoidea comprise a superfamily of insects in the Heteroptera suborder of the Hemiptera order and, as such, share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.[1] They are commonly referred to as shield bugs, chust bugs, and stink bugs.

The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 14 or 15 families.[2][3]

Description

The Pentatomoidea are characterized by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape.[3] Pentatomoidea species usually have antennae with five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments.[4]

Shield bugs have glands in their thoraces between the first and second pair of legs which produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators and is sometimes released when the bugs are handled carelessly.

The nymphs, similar to adults except smaller and without wings, also have stink glands.

The nymphs and adults have piercing mouthparts, which most use to suck sap from plants, although some eat other insects. When they group in large numbers, they can become significant pests.

Species that resemble pentatomoids are found in the superfamily Coreoidea.

Families

These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:[5]

Example species of the families under Pentatomoidea
The parent bug on a leaf protectively placing its body over a cluster of eggs
Tritomegas sexmaculatus on a leaf
Cydnidae: Tritomegas sexmaculatus. 
An illustration of Megymenum affine
Dinidoridae: Megymenum affine 
A southern green stink bug on a leaf
Megacopter cribraria on a leaf
The lychee shield bug perched on a leaf
Scutelleridae: The lychee shield bug, Chrysocoris stolli, a jewel bug. 
The flattened nymph of Tessaratoma papillosa clambering on some leaves. Its thorax is distinctively square-shaped
Tessaratomidae: Tessaratoma papillosa nymph. 

Phylogeny

The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).[16][17]

            
             

Urostylididae


             
             

Saileriolidae


             
             

Acanthosomatidae


             
             
             

Tessaratomidae


             

Dinidoridae


  Cydnidae sensu lato  
             

Cydnidae


             

Thaumastellidae


             

Parastrachiinae



             
             

Corimelaenidae


             

Lestoniidae


             

Phloeidae


             
             

Scutelleridae


             

Plataspididae



             

Pentatomidae


             

Canopidae


             

Megarididae








See also

References

  1. "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  2. 1 2 Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 G. Cassis, Australia. Bureau of Flora and Fauna, & Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-643-06875-9.
  4. T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-07-043435-6.
  5. David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  6. Faúndez E. I. (2009). "Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)". Zootaxa 2137: 57–65.
  7. 1 2 P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0
  8. Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  9. P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-12-200400-0
  10. www.discoverlife.org
  11. 1 2 3 4 Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-5142-0
  12. Gengping Zhu, Guoqing Liu, Wenjun Bu, & Jerzy A. Lis (2013). "Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis". Journal of Insect Science 13 (102): 1–16. doi:10.1673/031.013.10201. PMC 4012745. PMID 24738857.
  13. Jerzy A. Lis (2010). "Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)". Zootaxa 2693: 6062.
  14. James T. Costa (2006), The other insect societies; Belknap Press Series Harvard University Press, p.311, ISBN 0-674-02163-0
  15. P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
  16. Dimitri Forero (March 13, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life web project. Retrieved April 28, 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. Jocelia Grazia, Randall T. Schuhb, & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics (Wiley-Blackwell) 24: 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

External links

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