Displacement (ship)

The more heavily loaded a ship is, the lower it sits in the water. "Designated displacement" is a measurement the weight of water a ship displaces of when fully loaded and submerged to her load lines.

Displacement or displacement tonnage is the weight of water that a ship displaces when it is floating, which in turn is the weight of a ship (and its contents). It is usually applied to naval vessels rather than commercial ones, and is measured when the ship's fuel tanks are full and all stores are aboard.^[1][2]

Displacement should not be confused with other measurements of volume or capacity typically used for commercial vessels such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

A variety of terms denoting degree of displacement as a function of load are defined below.

Calculation

Shipboard stability programs can be used to calculate a vessel's displacement

The traditional method of determining a vessel's displacement uses draft marks^[3] (also known as "load lines"). A merchant vessel has three matching sets: one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern.^[3] These marks allow a ship's displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0.5%.^[3]

The method is to average the individual drafts to find a mean draft.^[4] It is then entered into the ship's hydrostatic tables, giving a displacement.^[5]

Displacement, however, is not absolute for a given vessel and load: it varies by the density of water being displaced. Seawater (1025 kg/m³) is denser than fresh water (1000 kg/m³);^[6] thus a ship with a given mass (i.e. dead weight in kg) will displace less seawater than fresh. In practical terms, it will ride higher in salt water, lower in fresh.

Computers have been used to assist hydrostatic calculations such as determining displacement since the 1950s. These were originally manual, similar to slide rules which could convert cargo levels to values such as deadweight tonnage, draft, and trim. Digital computers employ programs to make the calculations.^[7]

Definitions

Two destroyers of the same class berthed alongside each other. The right is more heavily loaded and displaces more water.

A variety of terms are used to describe varying degrees of displacement under specific loads:

Loaded displacement

• Loaded displacement is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, dunnage and such other items necessary for use on a voyage. These bring the ship down to its "load draft",^[8] colloquially known as the "waterline".
• Full load displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions. Full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as established by classification societies (and designated by its "waterline").^[9] Warships have arbitrary full load condition established.^[9]
• Deep load condition means full ammunition and stores, with most available fuel capacity used.

Light displacement

• Light displacement (LDT) is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, but with water in boilers to steaming level.^[8]

Normal displacement

• Normal displacement is the ship's displacement "with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc., on board."^[10]

Standard displacement

• Standard displacement, also known as "Washington displacement", is a specific term defined by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.^[11] It is defined as the displacement of the ship complete, fully manned, engined, and equipped ready for sea, including all armament and ammunition, equipment, outfit, provisions and fresh water for crew, miscellaneous stores, and implements of every description that are intended to be carried in war, but without fuel or reserve boiler feed water on board. Thus, it does not represent the actual displacement of a ship ready for sea.^[11]

Gallery

• 

  A floating ship's displacement F_p and buoyancy F_a must be equal.

• 

  Greek philosopher Archimedes having his famous bath, the birth of the theory of displacement

• 

  A ship's hydrostatic curves. Lines 4 and 5 are used to convert from mean draft in meters to displacement in tonnes in Spanish.

See also

• Naval architecture
• Hull (watercraft)
• Hydrodynamics
• Tonnage

References

1. Dear and Kemp, 2006, p.588
2. George, 2005, p. 68.
3. George, 2005. p.5.
4. George, 2005. p.14–15.
5. George, 2005. p. 465.
6. Turpin and McEwen, 1980.
7. George, 2005. p. 262.
8. Military Sealift Command.
9. Department of the Navy, 1942.
10. United States Naval Institute, 1897. p 809.
11. Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922. Ch II, Part 4.

Bibliography

• Dear, I.C.B.; Kemp, Peter (2006). Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920568-X.
• George, William E. (2005). Stability & Trim for the Ship's Officer. Centreville, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-564-2.
• Hayler, William B. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-549-9..
• Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-056-X.
• Navy Department (1942). "Nomenclature of Naval Vessels". history.navy.mil. United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
• Military Sealift Command. "Definitions, Tonnages and Equivalents". MSC Ship Inventory. United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
• MLCPAC Naval Engineering Division (2005-11-01). "Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
• United States of America (1922). "Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922". Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922 1. pp. 247–266.
• United States Naval Institute (1897). Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
• Metric to English conversions