Shortia galacifolia

Oconee bells

Imperiled  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Diapensiaceae
Genus: Shortia
Species: S. galacifolia
Binomial name
Shortia galacifolia
Torr. & Gray
Varieties
  • Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla Davies
  • Shortia galacifolia var. galacifolia Torr. & Gray
Synonyms[2]
  • Sherwoodia galacifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) House

Shortia galacifolia (Oconee bells or acony bell) is a rare North American plant in the family Diapensiaceae found in the southern Appalachian Mountains, concentrated in the tri-state border region of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[3][4] Additional populations (some of them naturalized) have been found in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, and Massachusetts.[5] Shortia galacifolia has also been reported in Japan, as have three other species of Shortia.[4][6]

Description

Creamy-white flowers appear from late March to May. Seedlings appear in late July and early August. This is about 6 weeks after the maturation of the capsule. Stolons have shallow roots. It prefers loamy soil with some sand and/or clay. It prefers areas where the annual rainfall is 140–200 centimeters (55–79 in). Plants can tolerate bright light for only 2-3 hours per day at midday. The leaves have an orbicular shape with wavy edges plus a heart-shaped base. Seeds are slender and oval, with a light to medium brown color. Young plants are usually within 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) of mature plants, but have been found as far away as 6 meters (20 ft).[4] The stalks grow 13–15 centimeters (5–6 in) high and the plants prefer shade and soils with a high humus content.[7]

Habitat

Within its small range, S. galacifolia is invariably found along rivers and in gorges where the land is sloping and shows evidence of natural or man-made disturbance: mud slides, erosion, trees knocked down by wind, logging, etc. Shortia galacifolia often forms a dense mat that may prevent seeds of other species from embedding in the soil and germinating. Its decayed vegetative matter may also have a toxic effect on other species. Consequently, it is often found as the only or one of few species of ground cover in a given area.[4] It is found at elevations from 185–625 meters (607–2,051 ft). The pattern of elevation distribution varies widely from one watershed to another.[4]

Tree species and genera commonly associated with S. galacifolia are: Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Betula lenta (sweet birch), Acer rubrum (red maple), Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), and Fagus (beech genus). It is less commonly seen with: Quercus prinus (chestnut oak), Quercus alba (white oak), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Oxydendrum (sourwood), and Robinia (locust tree). Common understory species include Rhododendron maximum (greater rhododendron) in moister conditions and Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) in drier conditions.[4]

Several factors have made S. galacifolia an endemic relict species. It reproduces successfully only in disturbed areas. Light and soil conditions that are beneficial to S. galacifolia change to its detriment as forest canopy and understory get re-established.[4]

Shortia galacifolia has been successfully cultivated as far north as Grand-Métis, Quebec.[6]

Gray's search for a specimen

Shortia galacifolia is a relict evergreen herb which long bewitched Asa Gray,[8] the eminent American botanist, a saga detailed in the paper "Asa Gray and his Quest for Shortia galacifolia".[6][9] During his month in Paris from mid-March to mid-April 1839, Gray had seen a fragment of the plant in the Paris herbarium, Jardin des Plantes, and had long sought it in the wild in the mountains of North Carolina. Gray's diary entry for April 8, 1839 records him seeing the specimen and that he felt it was a new genus. The specimen seen by Asa Gray was discovered by André Michaux, who listed the place he found the specimen as "High Mountains of Carolina."[6][10]

There has been disagreement as to whether Michaux's original collection site was in Transylvania County, North Carolina at the confluence of the Horsepasture River and Toxaway River, or in Oconee County, South Carolina along the Keowee River at Jocassee. At the time it was thought to be one of the last living specimens of the plant with fruits but no flowers.[4] Much of the area around Jocassee and the Keowee River was covered by up to 300 meters (980 ft) of water when the Jocassee Dam was completed in 1973.[11] In Michaux's journal for December 8-11, 1788 he says he found the specimen near the headwaters of the Keowee, near where two rivers join together.[6] Prior to its rediscovery, Gray made several unsuccessful trips to this region, the last one in 1876.[10]

A specimen of S. galacifolia was not rediscovered until May 1877 on the banks of the Catawba River in McDowell County, North Carolina by George McQueen Hyams (1861–1932), whose father, M. E. Hyams (1819–1891), collected medicinal herbs and sold them to a Baltimore drug firm.[4][6] The Hyams did not know what they had found. Eighteen months later they sent it to lawyer and botanist Joseph Whipple Congdon, who contacted Gray, telling Gray that he felt he had found Shortia. Gray was enraptured by his search for a living specimen in the field for the entire preceding 39 years. When a specimen was finally placed in Gray's hand as proof, he exclaimed: "Now let me sing my nunc dimittis." Gray wrote about the rediscovery to his colleague William M. Canby on October 21, 1878. Gray wrote to the elder Hyams, on October 27, 1878, telling him the great news and that by waiting for eighteen months, the chance to include this discovery had been missed because a botanical book had been published in the meantime. In spring 1879 Gray led an expedition, in which the Hyams helped, to the spot where S. galacifolia had been found.[6] Gray's final trip to this region was in 1884.[10]

In Gray's diary entry for April 8, 1839, he named the genus after Charles Wilkins Short because the plant was native to America in a region close to where Short lived, which was Kentucky. Short and Gray never met but they corresponded with one another frequently. Short never saw a live nor dried specimen of his namesake genus.[6] The galacifolia part of the name means "galax-like leaves" because its evergreen leaves are shaped like leaves in the genus Galax.[7] Gray made his first field trip to find a wild specimen from late June to late July 1841. Gray never saw Shortia in its native habitat while it was in bloom. He also never visited the area of the Keowee River.[6] The 2011 U.S. postage stamp honoring Gray also depicts this species.[12]

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ "Shortia galacifolia". NatureServe. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  2. ↑ Tropicos, Shortia galacifolia Torr. & A. Gray
  3. ↑ GRIN (February 5, 2013). "Shortia galacifolia Torr. & A. Gray". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Vivian, V. E. (1967). "Shortia galacifolia: Its Life History and Microclimatic Requirements". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 94 (5): 369–387. doi:10.2307/2483507. JSTOR 2483507.
  5. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jenkins, Charles F. (1942). "Asa Gray and his Quest for Shortia galacifolia". Arnoldia 2 (3 & 4): 13–28. JSTOR 42953488.
  7. 1 2 Taylor, Norman (1996). 1001 Questions Answered about Flowers. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-486-29099-9.
  8. ↑ "Shortia galacifolia". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  9. ↑ Jenkins, Charles F. (1991). "Asa Gray and his Quest for Shortia galacifolia: Special Fiftieth Anniversary Issue". Arnoldia 51 (4): 4–11. JSTOR 42955144.
  10. 1 2 3 Dupree, A. Hunter (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 86, 96, 408–409. ISBN 978-0-801-83741-8.
  11. ↑ Fletcher, Debbie (2007). "Extraordinary Sights Await Discovery" (PDF) 8 (1): 4, 6–7.
  12. ↑ "Gray Gets Stamp of Approval". Harvard Gazette. June 30, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2014.

External links

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