List of rulers of Elam

This is a List of rulers of Elam from earliest times to the Persian Empire. All dates are middle chronology.

Elamite Empire, c. 2700 – 650 BC

The Elamites were a people located in southwestern Iran, in what is now Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared.

Throne Name		Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Old Elamite Period, c. 2700–c. 1500 BC
Early Elamite kings, c. 2700–c. 2600 BC
1	Humbaba				?–c. 2680 BC	c. 2700 BC	c. 2680 BC	?	contemporary with Gilgamesh king of Uruk
2	Humban-Shutur (or Khumbastir)				?–?	?	?	?
Awan dynasty,[1][2][3] c. 2600–2078 BC
3	The unnamed King of Awan			King of Awan	?–?	c. 2580 BC	?	?	contemporary with the last king of the first dynasty of Uruk[4]
4	...Lu			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
5	Kur-Ishshak			King of Awan	?–?	?	c. 2550 BC	?	36 years. contemporary with Lugal-Anne-Mundu king of Adab & Ur-Nanshe king of Lagash
6	Peli			King of Awan	?–?	c. 2500 BC	?	?
7	Tata I			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
8	Ukku-Tanhish			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
9	Hishutash			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
10	Shushun-Tarana			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
11	Napi-Ilhush			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
12	Kikku-Siwe-Temti			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
13	Hishep-Ratep I			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
14	Luh-Ishshan			King of Awan	?–c. 2325 BC	?	c. 2325 BC	Son of Hishep-Ratep I
15	Hishep-Ratep II			King of Awan	?–?	c. 2325 BC	?	Son of Luh-Ishshan
16	Emahsini[5]			King of Awan	?–2311 BC	c. 2315 BC	2311 BC
17	Helu			King of Awan	?–?	?	?	?
18	Hita			King of Awan	?–?	c. 2270 BC	c. 2270 BC	?	contemporary of Naram-Sin king of Akkad
19	Kutik-Inshushinak[6]			King of Awan	?–?	c. 2100 BC	c. 2100 BC	son of Shinpi-hish-huk	contemporary of Ur-Nammu king of Ur. Susa conquered by Ur troops in 2078 and 2016 BC
Simashki dynasty,[7][8] c. 2100–c. 1928 BC
20	The unnamed king of Simashki			king of Simashki	?–c. 2100 BC	?	c. 2100 BC	?	cont. Kutik-Inshushinak king of Awan
21	Gir-Namme I			king of Simashki	?–?	?	?	?
22	Tazitta I			king of Simashki	?–?	c. 2040 BC[5]	c. 2037 BC[5]	?
23	Eparti I			king of Simashki	?–?	?	c. 2033 BC[5]	?
24	Gir-Namme II			king of Simashki	?–?	c. 2033 BC	?	?
25	Tazitta II			king of Simashki	?–?	?	?	?
26	Lurak-Luhhan			king of Simashki	?–2022 BC	c. 2028 BC	2022 BC	?
27	Hutran-Temti			king of Simashki	?–?	?	?	?
28	Indattu-Inshushinak I			king of Simashki	?–2016 BC	?	2016 BC	son of Hutran-Temti
29	Kindattu			king of Simashki	?–?	before 2006 BC	after 2005 BC	son of Tan-Ruhuratir	conqueror of Ur
30	Indattu-Inshushinak II			king of Simashki	?–?	c. 1980 BC	?	son of Pepi[6]	cont. Shu-Ilishu king of Isin & Bilalama king of Eshnunna
32	Tan-Ruhuratir I			king of Simashki	?–?	c. 1965 BC	?	son of Indattu-Inshushinnak II	cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin
33	Indattu-Inshushinak III			king of Simashki	?–?	?	?	son of Tan-Ruhuratir I	more than 3 years
35	Indattu-Napir			king of Simashki	?–?	?	?	?
36	Indattu-Temti			king of Simashki	?–?	?	1928? BC	?
Epartid dynasty,[9] c. 1970–c. 1500 BC
31	Eparti II			king of Anshan & Susa, Sukkalmah	?–?	c. 1973 BC	?	Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.[10]	cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin
34	Shilhaha			king of Anshan & Susa, Sukkalmah	?–?	?	?	son of Eparti II
37	Kuk-Nashur I			Sukkalmah	?–?	?	?	son (ruhushak)[11] of Shilhaha
38	Atta-hushu			Sukkal and Ippir of Susa, Shepherd of the people of Susa, Shepherd of Inshushinak	?–after 1894 BC	?1928 BC	after 1894 BC	son of Kuk-Nashur I (?)
39	Tetep-Mada			Shepherd of the people of Susa	?–?	after c. 1890 BC	?	son of Kuk-Nashur I (?)
40	Palar-Ishshan			Sukkalmah	?–?	?	?	?
41	Kuk-Sanit				?–?	?	?	son of Palar-Ishshan (?)
42	Kuk-Kirwash			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Lan-Kuku & nephew of Palar-Ishshan
43	Tem-Sanit				?–?	?	?	son of Kuk-Kirwash
44	Kuk-Nahhunte				?–?	?	?	son of Kuk-Kirwash
45	Kuk-Nashur II			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Kuk-Nahhunte (?)
46	Shirukduh			Sukkalmah	?–?	c. 1790 BC	?	?	cont. Shamshi-Adad I king of Assyria
47	Shimut-Wartash I				?–?	?	?	son of Shirukduh
48	Siwe-Palar-Hupak			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa, Prince of Elam	?–?	before 1765 BC	after 1765 BC	son of Shirukduh
49	Kuduzulush I			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Shirukduh
50	Kutir-Nahhunte I			Sukkalmah	?–?	c. 1710 BC	?	son of Kuduzulush I
51	Atta-Merra-Halki				?–?	?	?	son of Kuduzulush I (?)
52	Tata II			Sukkal	?–?	?	?	brother of Atta-Merra-Halki
53	Lila-Irtash				?–?	?	?	son of Kuduzulush I
54	Temti-Agun			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Kutir-Nahhunte I
55	Kutir-Shilhaha			Sukkalmah, Sukkal	?–?	?	?	son of Temti-Agun
56	Kuk-Nashur III			Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Susa	?–?	before 1646 BC	after 1646 BC	son of Kutir-Shilhaha
57	Temti-Raptash				?–?	?	?	son of Kutir-Shilhaha
58	Shimut-Wartash II				?–?	?	?	son of Kuk-Nashur III
59	Shirtuh			King of Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Kuk-Nashur III
60	Kuduzulush II			Sukkalmah, King of Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Shimut-Wartash II
61	Tan-Uli			Sukkalmah, Sukkal	?–?	?	?	?
62	Temti-Halki			Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Tan-Uli
63	Kuk-Nashur IV[5]			Sukkalmah	?–?	?	?	son of Tan-Uli
64	Kutik-Matlat[4]				?–?	c. 1500 BC	?	son of Tan-Uli
Middle Elamite Period, c. 1500–c. 1000 BC
Kidinuid dynasty,[9] c. 1500–c. 1400 BC
65	Kidinu			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	15th century BC	?	?
66	Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
67	Tan-Ruhuratir II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	15th century BC	?	?
68	Shalla			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
76	Temti-Ahar			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1370 BC	?	?	cont. Kadashman-Enlil I Kassite king of Babylon
Igehalkid dynasty,[9] c. 1400–c. 1200 BC
69	Ata-Halki[12]			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
70	Attar-Kittah I[12]			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Ata-Halki
71	Ige-Halki			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
72	Pahir-Ishshan I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1390 BC	?	son of Ige-Halki	cont. Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon
73	Kidin-Hutran I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Pahir-Ishshan I[13]
74	Attar-Kittah II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Ige-Halki
75	Humban-Numena I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1370 BC	?	son of Attar-Kittah II	cont. Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon
77	Untash-Napirisha or Untash-Humban			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1340 BC	?	son of Humban-Numena I
78	Kidin-Hutran II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Untash-Naprisha[13]
79	Napirisha-Untash or Humban-Untash			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Kidin-Hutran II[13]
80	Pahir-Ishshan II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
81	Unpatar-Napirisha or Unpatar-Humban			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Pahir-Ishshan II
82	Kidin-Hutran III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1224 BC	c. 1217 BC	son of Pahir-Ishshan II	cont. Enlil-nadin-shumi & Adad-shuma-iddina Kassite kings of Babylon[10]
Shutrukid dynasty,[9] c. 1200–c. 970 BC
83	Hallutush-Inshushinak			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	c. 1200 BC	?	?
84	Shutruk-Nahhunte I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	before c. 1158 BC	after c. 1158 BC	son of Hallutush-Inshushinak
85	Kutir-Nahhunte II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	before c. 1155 BC	after c. 1155 BC	son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
86	Shilhak-Inshushinak I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
87	Hutelutush-Inshushinak			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	before c. 1110 BC	after c. 1110 BC	son of Kutir-Nahhunte II
88	Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	after 1110 BC	?	son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I
89	Humban-Numena II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	early 11th century BC	?	?
90	Shutruk-Nahhunte II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	middle of 11th century BC	?	son of Humban-Numena II
91	Shutur-Nahhunte I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	middle of 11th century BC	?	son of Humban-Numena II	Created the Kul-e Farah inscription
92	Mar-biti-apla-usur[14]			"son" of Elam	?–?	before 983 BC	after 978 BC	?
?	Akshir-Shimut			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
?	Akshir-Nahhunte			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	?	?	?
?	Kara-Indash			king of Elam	?–?	?	?	?
Neo-Elamite Period, c. 1000–c. 500 BC
Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite) dynasty,[15] c. 830–521 BC
96	The unnamed king of Elam			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	before c. 821 BC	after c. 821 BC	?	cont. Shamshi-Adad V king of Assyria
97	Humban-Tahrah I			king of Elam	?–743 BC	?	743 BC	?
98	Humban-Nikash I			king of Elam	?–717 BC	743 BC	717 BC	son of Humban-Tahrah I
99	Shutur-Nahhunte II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–699 BC	717 BC	699 BC	son (Ruhushak) of Humban-Nikash I
100	Hallushu-Inshushinak			king of Anshan & Susa	?–oct. 693 BC	699 BC	oct. 693 BC	brother of Shutur-Nahhunte II
101	Kutir-Nahhunte III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–July 692 BC	oct. 693 BC	July 692 BC	son of Hallushu-Inshushinak
102	Humban-Numena III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–feb. 688 BC	July 692 BC	feb. 688 BC	son of Hallushu-Inshushinak
103	Humban-Haltash I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–oct. 681 BC	feb. 688 BC	oct. 681 BC	son of Humban-Numena III (?)
104	Humban-Haltash II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–sept. 675 BC	oct. 681 BC	sept. 675 BC	son of Humban-Haltash I
105	Urtak-Inshushinak			king of Anshan & Susa	?–663 BC	sept. 675 BC	663 BC	brother of Humban-Haltash II
106	Temti-Humban-Inshushinak I			king of Anshan & Susa	?–sept. 653 BC	663 BC	sept. 653 BC	brother of Urtak-Inshushinak
107	Humban-Nikash II			king of Anshan & Susa	?–651 BC	sept. 653 BC	651 BC	son of Urtak-Inshushinak
108	Tammaritu			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after 645/4 BC	652 BC	649 BC	son of Humban-Hapua son of Urtak-Inshushinak
109	Indabibi			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after July 648 BC	649 BC	after July 648 BC	?
110	Humban-Haltash III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after 645/4 BC	after July 648 BC	645/4 BC	son of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak
108	Tammaritu			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after 645/4 BC	647 BC	647 BC	son of Humban-Hapua son of Urtak-Inshushinak
111	Humban-Nikash III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after 645/4 BC	647 BC	647 BC	son of Atta-Merra-Halki
112	Umhuluma			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	647 BC	647 BC	?
113	Indattu-Inshushinak IV			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	647 BC	after autumn 646 BC	?
114	Humban-Hapua			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	647 BC	647 BC	?
115	Pa'e			king of Anshan & Susa	?–after 645/4 BC	autumn 646	after 645/4 BC	?
116	Shutur-Nahhunte III			king of Anshan & Susa	?–?	after autumn 646 BC	?	son of Indattu-Inshushinak IV	Loses Anshan to Teispes in 650 BC
117	Humban-Kitin			king of Susa	?–?	last quarter of 7th century	?	son of Shutur-Nahhunte III
118	Humban-Tahrah II			king of Susa	?–?	?	?	?
119	Hallutash-Inshushinak			king of Susa	?–?	?	?	son of Humban-Tahrah II
120	Ummanunu I			king of Susa	?–?	first quarter of 6th century BC	?	?
121	Shilhak-Inshushinak II			king of Susa	?–?	first quarter of 6th century BC	?	son of Ummanunu I
122	Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II			king	?–?	before 550 BC	?	son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II
123	Halkatash			king of Susa	?–?	?	c. 549/8 BC	?
124	Açina			king of Elam	?–dec. 522 BC	oct. BC	10 dec. 522 BC	son of Upadrama
125	Ummanunu II or Humban-Nikash IV (Ummaniš)			king of Elam	?–feb. 521 BC	dec. 522 BC	feb. 521 BC	?
126	Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak			king of Anshan & Susa	?–520/19 BC	?	520/19 BC	son of Hutran-Temti	He was also king of Gisati

Minor Elamite Kingdoms, c. 2700 – 519 BC

Old Elamite Period, c. 2700–c. 1500 BC	Middle Elamite Period, c. 1500–c. 1000 BC	Neo-Elamite Period, c. 1000 – 519 BC
Hamazi dynasty[16] (c. 2530–c. 2030 BC) Hamazi probably was located in Lorestan. Hatanish (7 years fl. c. 2530 BC) [17] Zizi (precise dates unknown) Ur-Adad (precise dates unknown) Ur-Ishkur (before 2041 – after 2037 BC) Warad-Nannar (after 2037 BC)		Hidalu kingdom, c. 660–c. 6th century BC Hidalu was located near modern Behbahan. Shutur-Nahhunte (until 653 BC) brother(?) of Temti-Humban-Inshushinak I Tammaritu (after Sept. 653 – after 652 BC) son of Urtak-Inshushinak king of Elam Kurlush (precise dates unknown) Kidin-Hutran (early 6th century BC) son of Kurlush
Sherihum kingdom,[18] c. 2400–c. 2300 BC Sherihum is the ancient name of northern areas of Persian Gulf. [...]hi (c. before 2371 BC) [...]ru (c. 2316 BC) The unnamed king of Sherihum (until 2305 BC). Also he was king of Anshan		Rashi kingdom, c. 660–c. 640 BC Indabibi (before 649 – after July 648) Also the great king of Elam Imbapi (before 647 – autumn 646 BC) husband of sister of Humban-Haltash III king of Elam Pa'e (autumn 646 – after 645/4 BC) Also the great king of Elam
Anshan dynasty[3] (c. 2350–c. 1970 BC) Anshan was located at Marvdasht of Fars near Persepolis. The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2305 BC) king of Sherihum & Anshan. He was defeated & sent to Akkad. Shalabum[19] (before 2068 until 2064 BC) married with a daughter of Shulgi king of Ur Libum[19] (from 2064 BC) made some wars against Ur The unnamed king of Anshan (c. 2041–2037 BC) married with a daughter of Shu-Sin king of Ur The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2017 BC) married with a daughter of Ibbi-Sin king of Ur Imazu (cont. Shu-ilishu king of Isin) restored statue of Nannar to Isin son of Kindattu king of Simashki Eparti II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) (Sukkalmah & king of Anshan & Susa). Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.[20]		Aiapir kingdom, c. 7th century BC Aiapir is the ancient name of modern Izeh. Tahhi-hi (precise dates unknown) Hanne (cont. with Shutur-Nahhunte III king of Elam) son of Tahhi-hi Zashehshi (precise dates unknown) son of Hanne
Tukrish kingdom, c. 2350–c. 2250 BC The site of Tukrish is unknown. Autalummash[21] (c. 2350 BC) Also king of kings of Elam Immashkush (after 2292 BC)[22] Kiklipatalish (after 2292 BC)[22]		Gisati kingdom, c. 7th century – 519 BC Shati-Hupiti (late 7th century BC) Humban-Shuturuk son of Shati-Hupiti (early 6th century BC) Hutran-Temti (middle 6th century BC) Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak son of Hutran-Temti (until 520/19 BC)
Khukhnur kingdom,[18] c. 2350–c. 2000 BC Zina (c. 2325 BCE) The unnamed king of Khukhnur (c. 2100 BCE) The unnamed king of Khukhnur (until 2041 BCE) Simhuzia (from 2041 BCE) The unnamed king of Khukhnur (until 2017 BCE)	Elammat kingdom, c. 14th century BC Hurpatila (c. 1350–c. 1340 BC)	Zamin kingdom, c. 7th century–c. 6th century BC Bahuri I (late 7th century BC)[23] Bahuri II (early 6th century BC)[24]
Der kingdom, c. 2350–c. 646 BC Der was located at modern Ilam province of Iran. The unnamed king of Der (until c. 2350 BC) Ursin (from 2050 BC) The unnamed king of Der (after 2006 BC) Anum-muttabil (c. 1932–c. 1928 BC) Manana (c. 1886–c. 1881 BC) Naqimum (precise dates unknown) Sumu-iamutbala (c. 1855 BC) Manium (c. 1849 BC) Temti-Shilhak (precise dates unknown) Kutir-Mabuk (c. 1828–1818 BC) Rim-Sin I (1818 – after 1763 BC) Rim-Sin II (before 1741–1736 BC)	Der kingdom, c. 2350–c. 646 BC Lakti-Shikhu (c. 1110 BC)	Der kingdom, c. 2350–c. 646 BC The unnamed king of Der (until 819 BC) Tandaia (c. 668 BC) Tammaritu (648/9–647 BC) brother of Urtak-Inshushinak king of Elam
Adamdun kingdom, c. 2200–c. 2027 BC		Samati kingdom, c. 6th century BCغار کلماکره The remains of kings of Samati have been discovered from a cave near modern Pol-e-Dokhtar. Dabala[25] Ampirish[25] son of Dabala Anni-Shilha[25] son of Dabala Unzikillik[26] son of Anni-Shilha Zittiyash[27] Unsak[28] son of Zittiyash
Simanum kingdom, c. 2050–c. 2000 BC		Zari kingdom, c. 6th century BC Appalaya[29]
Awak kingdom, c. 2050–c. 2000 BC

Kings of Elymais,^[30] c. 147 BC – c. 224 AD

1. Kamnaskires I Megas Soter (c. 147–c. 145 BC)
2. Kamnaskires II Nikephoros (c. 145–c. 139 BC)
3. Okkonapses (c. 139/8 BC)
4. Tigraios (c. 138/7–c. 133/2 bc)
5. Darius (before c. 129 BC)
6. Kamnaskires III Megas Nikephorus (c. 85 BC)
7. Kamnaskires IV (c. 82/1–c. 76/5 BC) with Anzaze (his Queen)
8. Kamnaskires V^[31] (c. 73/2–c. 46 BC)
9. Kamnaskires VI^[32] (c. 46–c. 28 BC)
10. Kamnaskires VII^[33] (c. 28 BC–c. 1 AD)
11. Kamnaskires VIII^[34] (c. 1–c. 15 AD)
12. Kamnaskires IX^[35] (c. 15–c. 25 AD)
13. Orodes I (c. 25–c. 50 AD)
14. Orodes II (c. 50–c. 70 AD), son of Orodes I
15. Phraates^[36] (c. 70–c. 90 AD), son of Orodes (I or II)
16. Orodes III^[37] (c. 90–c. 100 AD), son of Orodes II
17. Kamnaskires-Orodes^[38] (c. 100–c. 120 AD), son of Orodes II
18. Ariobarzanes (c. 125 AD)
19. Osroes (c. 125–c. 130 AD)
20. Unknown King I (c. 130–c. 140 AD)
21. Orodes IV^[39] & Ulpan (c. 140–c. 160 AD)
22. Abarbasi^[40] (c. 160–c. 170 AD)
23. Orodes V^[41] (c. 170–c. 180 AD), son of Beldusa
24. Vologases^[42] (c. 180–c. 190 AD)
25. Unknown King II^[43] (c. 190–c. 210 AD)
26. Unknown King III^[44] (c. 210–c. 220 AD)
27. Orodes VI^[45] (c. 220 – 224 AD)

Notes

1. Awan's geographical site is unknown. But it is very probable that it was near Poshtkuh of Lorestan.
2. The first three kings of Awan were also kings of Mesopotamia.
3. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
4. Cameron, 1936.
5. Potts, 1999.
6. Hinz, 1972.
7. Some archaeologists have suggested that Simashki was located in the north of Elam and Anshan near modern Isfahan.
8. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
9. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
10. Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
11. "Ruhushak" means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings. See Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
12. Majidzadeh, 1991.
13. Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam.
14. He was also king of Babylon.
15. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Vallat, 1995; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998; Reade, 2000; Henkelman, 2003; Tavernier, 2004.
16. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
17. He was also king of Mesopotamia.
18. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History
19. Legrain, 1922.
20. Vallat , "Elam ...", 1998.
21. Cameron, 1936, Persian tr. P. 180
22. Cameron, 1936, Persian tr. p.181.
23. Vallat, 1998. Reade, 2000. Henkelman, 2003. Tavernier, 2004.
24. Vallat, "Zamin ...", 1998. Reade, 2000. Henkelman, 2003. Tavernier, 2004.
25. Vallat, 1996. Tavernier, 2004.
26. Vallat, 1996.
27. Vallat, 2002.
28. Vallat, 2002. Tavernier, 2004.
29. Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998. Henkelman, 2003. Tavernier, 2004.
30. Wiesehöfer, 1996, p. 318. Pakzadian, 2007, pp. 56-57 & VII-X.
31. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.
32. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires X and XI.
33. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XII and XIII.
34. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XIV and XV.
35. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Late Kamnaskires Successors types 1, 2 and 3.
36. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Phraates I, II and III.
37. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Orodes III and IV.
38. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires-Orodes I and II.
39. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Orodes V, VI and VII.
40. According to Pakzadian, 2007: 1st Unknown King (A)
41. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 2nd(B), 3rd(C) and 4th(D)
42. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Vologases I and II.
43. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 5th(E), 6th(F) and 7th(G)
44. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 8th(H) and 9th(I)
45. According to Pakzadian, 2007: 10th Unknown King (J)

Bibliography

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