Alderfly

Alderfly

Adult Sialis lutaria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Megaloptera
Family:	Sialidae Leach, 1815
Subfamilies
See text

Alderflies are megalopteran insects of the family Sialidae. They are closely related to the dobsonflies and fishflies as well as to the prehistoric Euchauliodidae. All living alderflies - about 66 species altogether^[1] - are part of the subfamily Sialinae, which contains between one and seven extant genera according to different scientists' views. But in most classifications, all or almost all of these are treated as subgenera of Sialis.

General Characteristics

Sialinae have a body length of less than 25 mm (1 inch), long filamentous antennae and four large, dark wings of which the anterior pair is slightly longer than the posterior. They lack ocelli and their fourth tarsal segment is dilated and deeply bilobed. Dead alderfly larvae are used as bait in fishing.^[2]

Life-Cycle

The females lay a vast number of eggs upon grass stems near water. When the larvae are born they drop into the water or the ground nearby it and make their way into their new aquatic biome. The larvae are aquatic, active, armed with strong sharp mandibles, and breathe by means of seven pairs of abdominal branchial filaments. When full sized, which takes between one and two years, they leave the water and spend a quiescent pupal stage on the land before metamorphosis into the sexually mature insect. Adult alderflies stay near to the water, in which they had lived in when they were younger. Once in their adult stage, they tend to only live 2-3 weeks, which they mainly use to reproduce.

Genera and Species

In addition to the seven living genera^[3] (or genus), there are several genera of fossil alderflies.

Sialis lutaria larva

Family Sialidae

Subfamily † Dobbertiniinae (basal within Sialidae)
- Genus †Dobbertinia
Subfamily Sialinae
- Genus Austrosialis Tillyard, [1919]
  - Species Austrosialis ignicollis Tillyard, [1919]
  - Species Austrosialis maxmouldsi Theischinger, 1983
- Genus †Eosialis Nel et al., 2002
  - Species †Eosialis dorisi Nel et al., 2002
- Genus Indosialis Lestage, 1927
  - Species Indosialis bannaensis X.-y. Liu et al., 2006
  - Species Indosialis beskonakensis Nel, 1988
  - Species Indosialis indica X.-y. Liu et al., 2008
  - Species Indosialis minora (Banks, 1920)
- Genus Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920
  - Species Leptosialis africana Esben-Petersen, 1920
- Genus Nipponosialis Kuwayama, 1962
  Sialis fuliginosa Belgian High Ardennes
  - Species Nipponosialis amamiensis Kuwayama, 1964
  - Species Nipponosialis jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910)
  - Subspecies Nipponosialis jezoensis jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910)
  - Subspecies Nipponosialis jezoensis kuwayamai Hayashi & Suda, 1995
  - Species Nipponosialis kumejimae (Okamoto, 1910)
- Genus †Proindosialis Nel, 1988
  - Species †Proindosialis cantalensis Nel, 1988
- Genus Protosialis van der Weele, 1909
  - Species Protosialis afra Navás, (1936)
  - Species Protosialis americana (Rambur, 1842)
  - Species Protosialis australiensis (Tillyard, [1919)
  - Species Protosialis australis Navás, 1927
  - Species †Protosialis baltica (Wichard, 1997)
  - Species Protosialis bifasciata (Hagen, 1861)
  - Species Protosialis bimaculata Banks, 1920
  - Species Protosialis brasiliensis Navás, 1936
  - Species †Protosialis casca (Engel & Grimaldi, 2007)
  - Species Protosialis chilensis (McLachlan, (1871)
  - Species Protosialis flammata Penny, (1982)
  - Species Protosialis flavicollis (Enderlein, 1910)
  - Species Protosialis hauseri Contreras-Ramos et al., 2005
  - Species Protosialis madegassa Navás, 1927
  - Species Protosialis mexicana (Banks, 1901)
  - Species Protosialis minora Banks, 1920
  - Species Protosialis nubila Navás, 1933
  - Species Protosialis ranchograndis Contreras-Ramos, 2006
  - Species †Protosialis voigti (Wichard & Engel, 2006)
- Genus Sialis Latreille, 1802
  - Species Approximately 90
  - Species Sialis abchasica Vshivkova, 1985
  - Species Sialis aequalis Banks, 1920
  - Species Sialis americana (Rambur, 1842)
  - Species Sialis annae Vshivkova, 1979
  - Species Sialis arvalis Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis atra Navás, (1928)
  - Species Sialis bifida Hayashi & Suda, 1997
  - Species Sialis bilineata Say, 1823
  - Species Sialis bilobata Whiting, 1991
  - Species Sialis californica Banks, 1920
  - Species Sialis chilensis McLachlan, (1871)
  - Species Sialis concava Banks, 1897
  - Species Sialis contigua Flint, 1964
  - Species Sialis cornuta Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis didyma Navás, 1916
  - Species Sialis dorochovae Vshivkova, 1985
  - Species Sialis dorsata Say, 1823
  - Species Sialis dreisbachi Flint, 1964
  - Species Sialis elegans X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
  - Species Sialis flavicollis Enderlein, 1910
  - Species Sialis formosana Esben-Petersen, 1913
  - Species Sialis frequens Okamoto, 1905
  - Species Sialis fuliginosa F. Pictet, 1836
  - Species Sialis fumosa Navás, 1915
  - Species Sialis glabella Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis gonzalezi Vshivkova, 1985
  - Species †Sialis groehni Wichard, 1997
  - Species Sialis hamata Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis hasta Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis henanensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
  - Species †Sialis herrlingi Wichard, 2002
  - Species Sialis imbecilla Say, 1823
  - Species Sialis immarginata Say, 1823
  - Species Sialis infumata Newman, 1838
  - Species Sialis iola Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis itasca Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis japonica van der Weele, 1909
  - Species Sialis jianfengensis D. Yang et al., 2002
  - Species Sialis joppa Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis klingstedti Vshivkova, 1985
  - Species Sialis kunmingensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
  - Species Sialis levanidovae Vshivkova, 1980
  - Species Sialis longidens Klingstedt, (1932)
  - Species Sialis lutaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
  - Species Sialis martynovae Vshivkova, 1980
  - Species Sialis melania Nakahara, 1915
    - Subspecies Sialis melania kyushuensis Hayashi & Suda, 1995
    - Subspecies Sialis melania melania Nakahara, 1915
    - Subspecies Sialis melania tohokuensis Hayashi & Suda, 1995
    - Subspecies Sialis melania toyamaensis Hayashi & Suda, 1995
  - Species Sialis mohri Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis morio Klingstedt, (1933)
  - Species Sialis morrisoni K. Davis, 1903
  - Species Sialis muratensis Nel, 1988
  - Species Sialis nevadensis K. Davis, 1903
  - Species Sialis nigripes E. Pictet, 1865
  - Species Sialis nina Townsend, 1939
  - Species Sialis occidens Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis rotunda Banks, 1920
  - Species Sialis sibirica McLachlan, 1872
  - Species Sialis sinensis Banks, (1940)
  - Species Sialis sordida Klingstedt, (1933)
  - Species Sialis spangleri Flint, 1964
  - Species Sialis strausi Illies, 1967
  - Species Sialis vagans Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis vanderweelei U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1983
  - Species Sialis velata Ross, 1937
  - Species Sialis versicoloris X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
  - Species Sialis yamatoensis Hayashi & Suda, 1995
  - Species Sialis zhiltzovae Vshivkova, 1985
- Genus Stenosialis Tillyard, (1919)
  - Species Stenosialis australiensis Tillyard, (1919)
  - Species Stenosialis hollowayi Theischinger, 1983

Sialis lutaria is the most common alderfly in the United Kingdom^[4] and across much of Europe.

References

↑ Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi D.A. (2007). "The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera)". American Museum Novitates 3587: 1–58. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2.
↑ fly fishing entomology alderfy entry
↑ Salidae genera list at the Lacewing Digital library
↑ Arkive (2006): Alderfly - Sialis lutaria. Retrieved 2006-JUN-28.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sialidae.

Look up alderfly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Insecta orders

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(unranked): Pancrustacea
Subphylum: Hexapoda

Extant

Monocondylia	Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails)

D
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Apterygota *	Thysanura (Zygentoma) (silverfish, firebrats)

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Palaeoptera

Ephemeropteroidea	Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

Odonatoptera	Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)

N
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Polyneoptera

Dictyoptera	Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) Mantodea (mantises)

E
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Paraneoptera *	Psocodea (barklice, lice) Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (cicadas, aphids, true bugs)

E
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basal

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

Neuropteroidea

Coleopterida	Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) Coleoptera (beetles)

Neuropterida	Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Neuroptera (net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)

Panorpida
(Mecopterida)

Antliophora	Mecoptera (scorpionflies) + Siphonaptera (fleas) Diptera (gnats, mosquitoes, flies)

Amphiesmenoptera	Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)

Four most speciose orders are marked in bold

Italic are paraphyletic groups

Based on Sasaki et al. (2013)

Extinct

Archodonata Blattoptera Caloneurodea Campylopteridae Carbotriplurida Coxoplectoptera Diaphanopterodea Eoblattodea Eocoronidae Eudiaphanoptera Erasipteridae Gerarus Geroptera Glosselytrodea Heraridea Hypoperlida Lapeyriidae Meganisoptera (griffinflies or "giant dragonflies") Megasecoptera Mendozachorista Miomoptera Monura Palaeodictyoptera Paoliida Permoplecoptera Protanisoptera Protelytroptera Protephemerida Protodiptera Protorthoptera Protozygoptera Pseudopulex Rhyniognatha Syntonoptera Titanoptera Triadophlebioptera

Extinct incertae sedis families and genera are marked in italic

Wikispecies

Extant Megaloptera families

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Endopterygota

Corydalidae (dobsonflies, fishflies) Sialidae (alderflies)

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