Sicilian Independence Movement
Sicilian Independence Movement | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Former leaders | Finocchiaro Aprile |
| Founded | July 10, 1943 |
| Dissolved | June 4, 1951 |
| Membership (1945) | ? (max) |
| Ideology | Sicilian nationalism |
The Sicilian Independence Movement (Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano, MIS) is a separatist Sicilian political party originally active in Sicily from 1943 to 1951. Its best electoral result was in 1947, when it won 8.8% of the votes and nine regional deputies were elected. It experienced a resurgence in 2012 and has since joined with other entities to rally yearly for Independence[1]
The party was supported by Sicilians from a very wide of political stances: both conservatives and socialists were involved at some point. The purpose was first to gain independence for Sicily. Once this was accomplished MIS planned to sort out the politics of the island themselves, with the movement splintering to found new Sicilian political parties with their own personal stances.
History
The movement was founded in September 1942 as Committee for the Independence of Sicily (Comitato per l'Indipendenza della Sicilia, CIS) finding inspiration in the Sicilian Vespers, with Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile serving as its first president. The movement included members of very different political views, such as revolutionary socialist Antonio Canepa, social-democrat Giovanni Guarino Amella, right-wing people, most of them aristocrats, such as baron Lucio Tasca and duke Guglielmo Paternò, and members with close ties to the Mafia, as well as outright Mafiosi such as Calogero Vizzini. The movement gained presence and support following the Armistice of Cassibile of September 8, 1943, which forced Italy to abandon the island, while the U.S. troops still were on the verge of completing the military occupation of Sicily. On October 1943, Finocchiaro Aprile asked the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III to abdicate, and successively gained support to his cause from about ten Sicilian deputies. In the spring of 1944, the CIS was disbanded and the Movement for the Independence of Sicily (MIS) was founded. During those days, the Allies prohibited any kind of political activity, but tolerated the existence of the MIS. Several politicians with strong ties with the Mafia, such as Calogero Vizzini and Calogero Volpe, joined the MIS; however, all of them soon later left the MIS in order to join the newborn Italian parties, such as the Christian Democracy.
In the fall of 1944, during the first congress held in Taormina, the MIS decided to arm itself under pushes from its more radical members. The EVIS (Esercito Volontario per l'Indipendenza della Sicilia, Volunteer Army for the Independence of Sicily) was founded, and its operations led the Italian central government to send its troops in Sicily. On June 17, 1945, following an armed clash with the Carabinieri, Antonio Canepa, head of the EVIS, was murdered.
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After the end of World War II, a special council started working on a special autonomy statute for Sicily, which was approved by King Umberto II of Italy on May 15, 1946, and was finally approved by the Italian parliament on February 26, 1948. The bandit Salvatore Giuliano joined it.
In the 1946 general election, MIS obtained 0.7% of national votes (8.8% of votes in Sicily), and four seats, including its leader Finocchiaro Aprile. During the 1947 congress, Antonino Varvaro, former secretary and leading member of the left wing, was expelled from the party by a majority. The reasons remained unknown. Following these events, Varvaro founded a rival independentist movement, MISDR, which did not achieve much success and disbanded soon. In the first Sicilian elections held in 1947, MIS obtained about 9% of votes, and eight seats. However, the movement lost all its seats following the 1948 general election and the 1951 regional election. Soon after the latter, Finocchiaro Aprile and several other members resigned from MIS and the movement entered into a sort of political hiatus, never being formally disbanded.
References
Sources
- Costanzo, Ezio (2005). Mafia & Alleati (in Italian). Catania: Le Nove Muse Editrice. pp. 256+photos+documents.
- Gaja, Filippo (1962). L'esercito della Lupara (in Italian). Milan: Maquis Editore. p. 404. OCLC 3095666.
- Villari, Gianfilippo (2004). La Sicilia libertata (in Italian). Catania: Maimone Editore. p. 306. ISBN 88-7751-253-9.
- Marino, Giuseppe Carlo (1993). Storia del separatismo siciliano. 1943-1947 (in Italian). Rome: Editori Riuniti. p. 307. ISBN 88-359-3709-4.
- Spataro, Mario (2001). I primi secessionisti: separatismo in Sicilia 1866 e 1943-46 (in Italian). Rome: Controcorrente. p. 371. OCLC 48108005.
- Paternò Castello, Francesco (1977). Il movimento per l'indipendenza della Sicilia: memorie (in Italian). Palermo: Flaccovio. p. 371. OCLC 4230210.
- Finkelstein, Monte S. (1998). Separatism, the Allies and the Mafia: The Struggle for Sicilian Independence, 1943-1948. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-934223-51-5. OCLC 44965140.
- Norman Lewis (2003). The Honoured Society: The Sicilian Mafia Observed Eland Publishing Ltd ISBN 978-0-907871-48-4
