Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare

Thomas FitzGerald
The Earl of Kildare
Reign	1534 - 1537
Predecessor	Gerald FitzGerald
Successor	Title forfeited
Noble family	FitzGerald dynasty
Father	Gerald FitzGerald
Mother	Elizabeth Zouche
Born	1513
Died	3 February 1537 (aged 24) Tyburn, London, Kingdom of England
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (1513–1537), also known as Silken Thomas, was a leading figure in 16th century Irish history.

16th-century woodcut of Silken Thomas's attack on Dublin Castle

Life

Thomas Fitzgerald was born in London in 1513, the son of Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare and his first wife Elizabeth Zouche, who was a distant cousin of Henry VII.^[1]

In February 1534, his father was summoned to London and appointed the 21-year-old Thomas (by then Lord Offaly) deputy governor of Ireland in his absence. In June 1534 Thomas heard rumours that his father had been executed in the Tower of London and that the English government intended the same fate for himself and his uncles.^[2]

Rebellion

He summoned the Council to St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, and on 11 June, accompanied by 140 armoured gallowglasses with silk fringes on their helmets (from which he got his nickname), rode to the abbey and publicly renounced his allegiance to his cousin King Henry VIII, Lord of Ireland.^[3]

The Chancellor, Archbishop John Alen, attempted to persuade him not to commit himself to such a rash proceeding; but the young lord's harper, understanding only Irish, and seeing signs of wavering in FitzGerald's bearing, commenced to recite a poem in praise of the deeds of his ancestors, telling him at the same time that he lingered there over long. Roused by this he threw down the sword of state and rushed from the hall, followed by his adherents. The council sent an order for his immediate arrest to the Lord Mayor of Dublin, who, however, had not sufficient force at his disposal.^[3]

The Earl of Desmond and many of his father's oldest and best friends reasoned with him; but he was not to be turned from his purpose. As Vice-Deputy, Kildare had under his control most of the Pale fortresses, and large government stores.

Dublin Castle alone held out for the King of England. Lord Offaly called the lords of the Pale to the siege of the Castle; those who refused to swear fidelity to him he sent as prisoners to his Maynooth Castle. Goods and chattels belonging to the King's subjects he declared forfeited, and he announced his intention of exiling or putting to death all born in England. He sent messengers to his cousin and friend Lord Butler, son of the Earl of Ormond, offering to divide the kingdom with him if he would join his cause, but Butler refused. Several children of the citizens of Dublin in different parts of the Pale were seized as hostages for the good behavior of the city.^[3]

In July, he attacked Dublin Castle, but his army was routed. He ordered (or at least permitted) the execution at Clontarf of John Alen, who had tried to mediate; this lost him support from the clergy. According to a long-established tradition, his men misunderstood his order, given in Irish, to "take this fellow away" as an order to kill Alen.^[4] By this time his father had taken ill and died in London, and he had technically succeeded as 10th earl, but the Crown never confirmed his title. He retreated to his stronghold at Maynooth Castle, but in March 1535 this was taken by an English force under Sir William Skeffington by bribing a guard, while Thomas was absent gathering reinforcements to relieve it. The surrendered garrison was put to death, which became known as the "Maynooth Pardon". Thomas had wrongly assumed that his cause would attract overwhelming support, in particular from Catholics opposed to Henry VIII's English Reformation. But Henry's new policy also outlawed Lutheranism, and so Henry was not finally excommunicated until 1538. Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication: Winston Churchill puts the date the papal bull was made official as 1535;^[5] G. R. Elton as November 1538; and J. J. Scarisbrick as 17 December 1538, through promulgation by Pope Paul III.

In July, Lord Leonard Grey arrived from England as Lord Deputy of Ireland; Fitzgerald, seeing his army melting away and his allies submitting one by one, asked pardon for his offences. He was still a formidable opponent, and Grey, wishing to avoid a prolonged conflict, guaranteed his personal safety and persuaded him to submit unconditionally to the King's mercy. In October 1535 he was sent as a prisoner to the Tower. Despite Grey's guarantee, he was executed with his five uncles at Tyburn on 3 February 1537. According to G. G. Nichols, the five uncles were "...draune from the Tower in to Tyborne, and there alle hongyd and hedded and quartered, save the Lord Thomas for he was but hongyd and hedded and his body buried at the Crost Freeres in the qwere..."^[6][7]

Silken Thomas's revolt caused Henry to pay more attention to Irish matters, and was a factor in the creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542. In particular the powers of the lords deputy were curbed, and policies such as surrender and regrant were introduced.

See also

• List of Irish rebellions
• History of County Kildare

References

1. Jones, Michael and Underwood, Malcolm. The King's Mother. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2. "The Fitzgeralds of Kildare", Ask About Ireland
3. Webb, Alfred. "Silken Thomas Fitzgerald, 10th Earl of Kildare", A Compendium of Irish Biography, Dublin, M.H. Gill & Son, 1878
4. Ball, F. Elrington History of the Parishes of Dublin Alexander Thom and Co. Dublin 1917 Vol.5 p.64
5. Churchill 1966, p. 51
6. Nichols, G. G. The Chronicle of the Gray Friars of London. London: 1852. Pp. 39.
7. "McCorrestine, "The Revolt of Silken Thomas; A challenge to Henry VIII," Wolfhound Press, Dublin 1987.

External links

• The hum in Ireland during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. (1509–1553) from History of the Catholic Church from the Renaissance to the French Revolution by Rev. James MacCaffrey, S.J., 1914