Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.

Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.
Buckner in Okinawa.
Born	July 18, 1886 Munfordville, Kentucky
Died	June 18, 1945 (aged 58) Okinawa, Empire of Japan  †
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1908–1945
Rank	General (posthumous)
Commands held	22nd Infantry Regiment Alaska Defense Command Tenth United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign Battle of Attu Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign Battle of Okinawa †
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal Navy Distinguished Service Medal Purple Heart

Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. (July 18, 1886 – June 18, 1945) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army during World War II. He served in the Pacific Theater of Operations and commanded the defenses of Alaska early in the war. Following that assignment, he was promoted to command the 10th Army, which conducted the amphibious assault on the Japanese island of Okinawa on April 1, 1945. He was killed during the closing days of the Battle of Okinawa by enemy artillery fire, making him the highest-ranking U.S. military officer lost to enemy fire during World War II.^[1]

Buckner, Lesley J. McNair, Frank Maxwell Andrews, and Millard Harmon, all lieutenant generals at the time of their deaths, were the highest-ranking Americans to be killed in World War II. Buckner and McNair were posthumously promoted to the rank of four-star general on July 19, 1954 by a Special Act of Congress (Public Law 83-508).

Early life and education

Buckner was the son of Confederate General Simon Bolivar Buckner and his wife Delia Hayes Claiborne. His father was Governor of Kentucky from 1887 to 1891, and was the Gold Democratic Party's candidate for U.S. Vice President in 1896.^[2] Buckner was raised near Munfordville, Kentucky.

Military career

Buckner attended the Virginia Military Institute. He was appointed to West Point (class of 1908) by President Theodore Roosevelt. He served two military tours in the Philippines. During World War I, he served as a temporary major, drilling discipline into aviator cadets.^[3]

Inter-war period

For the seventeen years beginning May 1919, Buckner's assignments were not with troops but with military schools as follows: four years as tactical officer at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York; one year as student at The Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia; four years at the Command and General Staff School, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, with the first year as a student (distinguished graduate), then three years as instructor; four years at the Army War College, Washington, D.C., with year one as student then three years as Executive Officer; four more years at West Point, as Assistant Commandant and Commandant of Cadets. At West Point, "His rule is remembered for constructive progressiveness, with a share of severity tempered with hard, sound sense, and justice." ^[4] Commented differently by one cadet's parent, "Buckner forgets cadets are born, not quarried". [Ref #3]

Buckner was with troops for the rest of his career. In September 1936 he became Executive Officer of the 23rd Infantry Regiment at Ft. Sam Houston in Texas. Promoted to colonel in January 1937, he was rapidly given command of the 66th Infantry (Light Tank) at Ft. Meade in Maryland. In September 1938, he was given command of the 22nd Infantry at Ft. McClellan, Alabama. From November 1939 to August 1940 he was Chief of Staff of the 6th Division at Camp Jackson in South Carolina, Ft. Benning in Georgia, and Camp Beauregard in Louisiana.^[4]

World War II

Alaska

Buckner was promoted to brigadier general in 1940 and was assigned to fortify and protect Alaska as commander of the Army's Alaska Defense Command. He was promoted to major general in August 1941.^[5] Though comparatively quiet, there was some combat when World War II commenced. The Japanese attacked Alaska in the attack on Dutch Harbor 3–5 June 1942, and seized the islands Kiska and Attu as a diversion. The Battle of Attu, Operation Landcrab, occurred in May 1943, and Kiska was invaded in August 1943. This constituted the Aleutian Islands campaign. In 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general.^[5]

Battle of Okinawa

Buckner (foreground, holding camera), photographed with Major General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC, on Okinawa.

The last picture of Buckner (right), taken just before he was killed by a Japanese artillery shell.

The hill where Buckner was killed.
26°6′52.62″N 127°40′49.51″E / 26.1146167°N 127.6804194°E

Buckner's memorial monument on above hill.

In July 1944, Buckner was sent to Hawaii to organize the 10th Army, which was composed of both Army and Marine Corps units. The original mission of the 10th Army was to prepare for the invasion of Taiwan; however, this operation was canceled, and Buckner's command was instead ordered to prepare for the Battle of Okinawa. Beginning on April 1, 1945, this turned out to be the largest, slowest, and bloodiest sea-land-air battle in American military history.

Death

According to an eyewitness account,^[6] on June 18, Buckner had arrived in his command jeep which was flying its standard 3 star flag, to inspect a forward observation post. Visits from the general were not always welcome as his presence frequently drew enemy fire, which usually happened as General Buckner was departing. Buckner had arrived with his standard three stars showing on the front of his steel helmet and a nearby Marine outpost sent a signal to Buckner's position stating that they could clearly see the general's three stars on his helmet. Told of this, Buckner replaced his own helmet with an unmarked one. However, a small ^[7] flat trajectory^[8] Japanese artillery projectile of unknown caliber (estimated 47mm^[8]) struck a coral rock outcropping next to the general and fragments entered his chest. Buckner was carried by stretcher to a nearby aid station, where he died on the operating table. He was succeeded in command by Marine General Roy Geiger. Total American deaths during the battle of Okinawa were 12,513.^[9]

Buckner was interred in the family plot at Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky.

Personal life

Buckner was married to Adele Blanc Buckner (1893–1988). They had three children: Simon Bolivar Buckner III, Mary Blanc Buckner, and William Claiborne Buckner.

Military awards

Buckner's military decorations and awards include:

	Distinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal	Navy Distinguished Service Medal	World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal	Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal	World War II Victory Medal

Legacy

Named in honor of Buckner:

• Fort Buckner, an Army sub-post of the Marine Corps' Camp Foster on Okinawa, is home to the 78th Signal Battalion and E Co. of the 53rd Signal Battalion and includes a small memorial to its namesake.^[10]
• USNS General Simon B. Buckner (T-AP-123), an Admiral W. S. Benson class troop transport.
• Nakagusuku Bay on the East side of Okinawa was nicknamed "Buckner Bay" in the 1940s by American military personnel. They often refer to it as such to this day, even in official correspondence.^[11]
• West Point's Camp Buckner, where yearlings (incoming sophomores) go through Cadet Field Training (CFT).
• Several places built in Alaska during Cold War-related military construction, including:
  • Buckner Gymnasium (also Fieldhouse and Physical Fitness Center) at Fort Richardson (now part of Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson) in Anchorage, Alaska, a post which the general established during World War II.
  • The Buckner Building in Whittier, Alaska, once the largest building in Alaska by square footage.
  • Buckner Drive in the Nunaka Valley subdivision of Anchorage, originally built as military housing.
• Buckner Drive in Fort Leavenworth's Normandy Village.
• Buckner Gate at Fort Shafter, Hawaii.^[12]

References

1. Sarantakes p. 129
2. Stickles, Arndt M. (1940). Simon Bolivar Buckner : borderland knight ([Reprint ed.]. ed.). Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-8078-5356-6.
3. Buck's Battle, Time Magazine
4. http://1-22infantry.org/commanders/bucknerpers.htm
5. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr
6. PFC Harry M. Sarkisian, 8th Marine Regiment
7. Marine Corps Gazette, p.103
8. Military Vol XVII, pp22 & 23
9. The Oxford Essential Guide to World War II gives the following analysis of the General's leadership: "The Tenth Army Army's commander, Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner, presided over a series of grinding frontal assaults, resisting suggestions that he take advantage of his amphibious capability to land in the enemy's rear. Buckner ought to have been relieved of his duty for this. He was killed by the enemy, as it happened, but too late to make a difference. Americans were now far and away the world leaders in regard to all arms and interservice cooperation, capable of uniting land, sea, and air power into a smoothly running, irresistible force. Buckner took this marvelously flexible weapon and used it as a blunt instrument."
10. The Patriot Files: "Fort Buckner"
11. US Navy Typhoon Havens Handbook: "Buckner Bay"
12. "Tour Fort Shafter, Hawaii". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

Bibliography

• Sarantakes, Nicholas (Editor) (2004). Seven Stars, The Okinawa Battle Diaries of Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. and Joseph Stilwell. Texas A & M University Press, College Station. ISBN 978-1-58544-294-2.
• Sledge, Eugene B. (1990). With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506714-9.
• "Buck's Battle". Time Magazine. 1945-04-16. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
• Haley, J. Fred (November 1982). "The Death of General Simon Bolivar Buckner". Marine Corps Gazette: 103.
• McKenney, Tom C (June 2000). "Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner's death". Military. No. 1 XVII: 22, 23.

External links

• Papers of Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Family Home Page
• His monument at Kuniyoshi, Itoman city Okinawa, where he died.

Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. at Find a Grave

• USNS General Simon B. Buckner (T-AP-123)
• General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. Deadeyes 96th Infantry Division