Cubic crystal system

A rock containing three crystals of pyrite (FeS2). The crystal structure of pyrite is primitive cubic, and this is reflected in the cubic symmetry of its natural crystal facets.
A network model of a primitive cubic system.
The primitive and cubic close-packed (also known as face-centered cubic) unit cells.

In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.

There are three main varieties of these crystals:

Each is subdivided into other variants listed below. Note that although the unit cell in these crystals is conventionally taken to be a cube, the primitive unit cell often is not. This is related to the fact that in most cubic crystal systems, there is more than one atom per cubic unit cell.

A classic isometric crystal has square or pentagonal faces.

Cubic space groups

The three Bravais lattices which form cubic crystal systems are:

Cubic Bravais lattices
Name Primitive cubic Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic
Pearson symbol cP cI cF
Unit cell

The primitive cubic system (cP) consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube. Each atom at a lattice point is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes, and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom (1⁄8 × 8).
The body-centered cubic system (cI) has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight corner points. It has a net total of 2 lattice points per unit cell (1⁄8 × 8 + 1).
The face-centered cubic system (cF) has lattice points on the faces of the cube, that each gives exactly one half contribution, in addition to the corner lattice points, giving a total of 4 lattice points per unit cell (1⁄8 × 8 from the corners plus 1⁄2 × 6 from the faces). Each sphere in an fcc lattice has coordination number 12.

The face-centered cubic system is closely related to the hexagonal close packed (HCP) system, and the two systems differ only in the relative placements of their hexagonal layers. The [111] plane of a face-centered cubic system is a hexagonal grid.

Attempting to create a C-centered cubic crystal system (i.e., putting an extra lattice point in the center of each horizontal face) would result in a simple tetragonal Bravais lattice.

Crystal classes

The isometric crystal system class names, examples, Schönflies notation, Hermann–Mauguin notation, point groups, International Tables for Crystallography space group number,[2] orbifold, type, and space groups are listed in the table below. There are a total 36 cubic space groups.

# Point group Type
Example		 Space groups
Class[3] Schön.IntlOrb.Cox.
Primitive
Face-centered
Body-centered
195-197 Tetartoidal T 23 332 [3,3]+ enantiomorphic
(Ullmannite)		 P23F23I23
198-199 P213 I213
200-205 Diploidal Th 2/m3
(m3)		 3*2 [3+,4] centrosymmetric
(Pyrite)		 Pm3, Pn3Fm3, Fd3I3
205-206 Pa3 Ia3
207-211 Gyroidal O 432 432 [3,4]+ enantiomorphic
(Petzite)		 P432, P4232F432, F4132I432
212-214 P4332, P4132 I4132
215-217 Hextetrahedral Td 43m *332 [3,3] (Sphalerite) P43mF43mI43m
218-220 P43nF43cI43d
221-230 Hexoctahedral Oh4/m32/m
(m3m)		 *432[3,4] centrosymmetric
(Galena)		 Pm3m, Pn3n, Pm3n, Pn3mFm3m, Fm3c, Fd3m, Fd3cIm3m, Ia3d

Other terms for hexoctahedral are: normal class, holohedral, ditesseral central class, galena type.

Voids in the unit cell

Visualisation of a diamond cubic unit cell: 1. Components of a unit cell, 2. One unit cell, 3. A lattice of 3 x 3 x 3 unit cells

A simple cubic unit cell has a single cubic void in the center.

A body-centered cubic unit cell has six octahedral voids located at the center of each face of the unit cell, for a total of three net octahedral voids. Additionally, there are 36 tetrahedral voids located in an octahedral spacing around each octahedral void, for a total of eighteen net tetrahedral voids. These tetrahedral voids are not local maxima and are not technically voids, but they do occasionally appear in multi-atom unit cells.

A face-centered cubic unit cell has eight tetrahedral voids located slightly towards the center from each corner of the unit cell, for a total of eight net tetrahedral voids. Additionally, there are twelve octahedral voids located at the center of edge of the unit cell as well as one octahedral hole in the very center, for a total of four net octahedral voids.

One important characteristic of a crystalline structure is its atomic packing factor. This is calculated by assuming that all the atoms are identical spheres, with a radius large enough that each sphere abuts the next. The atomic packing factor is the proportion of space filled by these spheres.

Assuming one atom per lattice point, in a primitive cubic lattice with cube side length a, the sphere radius would be a⁄2 and the atomic packing factor turns out to be about 0.524 (which is quite low). Similarly, in a bcc lattice, the atomic packing factor is 0.680, and in fcc it is 0.740. The fcc value is the highest theoretically possible value for any lattice, although there are other lattices which also achieve the same value, such as hexagonal close packed and one version of tetrahedral bcc.

As a rule, since atoms in a solid attract each other, the more tightly packed arrangements of atoms tend to be more common. (Loosely packed arrangements do occur, though, for example if the orbital hybridization demands certain bond angles.) Accordingly, the primitive-cubic structure, with especially low atomic packing factor, is rare in nature, but is found in polonium.[4][5] The bcc and fcc, with their higher densities, are both quite common in nature. Examples of bcc include iron, chromium, tungsten, and niobium. Examples of fcc include aluminium, copper, gold and silver.

Multi-element compounds

Compounds that consist of more than one element (e.g. binary compounds) often have crystal structures based on a cubic crystal system. Some of the more common ones are listed here.

Caesium chloride structure

A caesium chloride unit cell. The two colors of spheres represent the two types of atoms.

The space group of the Caesium chloride (CsCl) structure is called Pm3m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "221" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B2".[6]

One structure is the "interpenetrating primitive cubic" structure, also called the "caesium chloride" structure. Each of the two atom types forms a separate primitive cubic lattice, with an atom of one type at the center of each cube of the other type. Altogether, the arrangement of atoms is the same as body-centered cubic, but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites. (See picture here.) Alternately, one could view this lattice as a simple cubic structure with a secondary atom in its cubic void.

In addition to caesium chloride itself, the structure also appears in certain other alkali halides when prepared at low temperatures or high pressures.[7] Generally, this structure is more likely to be formed from two elements whose ions are of roughly the same size (for example, ionic radius of Cs+ = 167 pm, and Cl− = 181 pm) .

The coordination number of each atom in the structure is 8: the central cation is coordinated to 8 anions on the corners of a cube as shown, and similarly, the central anion is coordinated to 8 cations on the corners of a cube.

Other compounds showing caesium chloride like structure are CsBr, CsI, high-temp RbCl, AlCo, AgZn, BeCu, MgCe, RuAl, SrTl.

Rock-salt structure

The rock-salt crystal structure. Each atom has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry.

The space group of the rock-salt (NaCl) structure is called Fm3m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "225" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B1".[8]

In the rock-salt or sodium chloride (halite) structure, each of the two atom types forms a separate face-centered cubic lattice, with the two lattices interpenetrating so as to form a 3D checkerboard pattern. (See picture here.) Alternately, one could view this structure as a face-centered cubic structure with secondary atoms in its octahedral holes.

Examples of compounds with this structure include sodium chloride itself, along with almost all other alkali halides, and "many divalent metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides".[7] More generally, this structure is more likely to be formed if the cation is somewhat smaller than the anion (a cation/anion radius ratio of 0.414 to 0.732).

The coordination number of each atom in this structure is 6: each cation is coordinated to 6 anions at the vertices of an octahedron, and similarly, each anion is coordinated to 6 cations at the vertices of an octahedron.

The interatomic distance (distance between cation and anion, or half the unit cell length a) in some rock-salt-structure crystals are: 2.3 Å (2.3 × 10−10 m) for NaF,[9] 2.8 Å for NaCl,[10] and 3.2 Å for SnTe.[11]

Other compounds showing rock salt like structure are LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaF, NaBr, NaI, KF, KCl, KBr, KI, RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, CsF, MgO, PbS, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, ScN

Zincblende structure

A zincblende unit cell

The space group of the Zincblende structure is called F43m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or 216.[12][13] The Strukturbericht designation is "B3".[14]

The Zincblende structure (also written "zinc blende") is named after the mineral zincblende (sphalerite), one form of zinc sulfide (β-ZnS). As in the rock-salt structure, the two atom types form two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattices. However, it differs from rock-salt structure in how the two lattices are positioned relative to one another. The zincblende structure has tetrahedral coordination: Each atom's nearest neighbors consist of four atoms of the opposite type, positioned like the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Altogether, the arrangement of atoms in zincblende structure is the same as diamond cubic structure, but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites. (See picture here.)

Examples of compounds with this structure include zincblende itself, lead(II) nitrate, many compound semiconductors (such as gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride), and a wide array of other binary compounds.

Other compounds showing zinc blende like structure are α-AgI, β-BN, CuBr, β-CdS, BP, BAs

Weaire–Phelan structure

Weaire-Phelan structure

The Weaire-Phelan structure has Pm3n (223) symmetry.

It has 3 orientations of stacked tetradecahedrons with pyritohedral cells in the gaps. It is found as a crystal structure in chemistry where it is usually known as the "Type I clathrate structure". Gas hydrates formed by methane, propane, and carbon dioxide at low temperatures have a structure in which water molecules lie at the nodes of the Weaire–Phelan structure and are hydrogen bonded together, and the larger gas molecules are trapped in the polyhedral cages.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Section 2.1.3, pp. 14–16. Link
  2. ↑ Prince, E., ed. (2006). International Tables for Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography. doi:10.1107/97809553602060000001. ISBN 978-1-4020-4969-9.
  3. ↑ Crystallography and Minerals Arranged by Crystal Form, Webmineral
  4. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
  5. ↑ The original discovery was in J. Chem. Phys. 14, 569 (1946).
  6. ↑ The CsCl (B2) Structure
  7. 1 2 Seitz, Modern Theory of Solids (1940), p.49
  8. ↑ The NaCl (B1) Structure
  9. ↑ Sundquist, J. J.; Lin, C. C. (1981). "Electronic structure of the F centre in a sodium fluoride crystal". Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 14 (32): 4797–4805. Bibcode:1981JPhC...14.4797S. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/14/32/016.
  10. ↑ Abrahams, S. C.; Bernstein, J. L. (1965). "Accuracy of an automatic diffractometer. Measurement of the sodium chloride structure factors". Acta Crystallogr. 18 (5): 926–932. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65002244.
  11. ↑ Kao, W.; Peretti, E. (1970). "The ternary subsystem Sn4As3-SnAs-SnTe". Journal of the Less Common Metals 22: 39–50. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(70)90174-8.
  12. ↑ L. Kantorovich (2004). Quantum Theory of the Solid State. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 1-4020-2153-4.
  13. ↑ Birkbeck College, University of London
  14. ↑ The Zincblende (B3) Structure

Further reading

External links

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