Charles Galton Darwin

Sir Charles Galton Darwin
Charles Galton Darwin (1887–1962)
Born	Charles Galton Darwin 18 December 1887 Cambridge, England
Died	31 December 1962 (aged 75) Cambridge, England
Nationality	English
Fields	Physicist
Institutions	National Physical Laboratory Victoria University of Manchester Royal Engineers Christ's College, Cambridge California Institute of Technology University of Edinburgh Manhattan Project
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors	Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr
Known for	Darwin–Fowler method Darwin term of the Hamiltonian Darwin Lagrangian Darwin drift Darwin–Radau equation
Notable awards	Royal Medal (1935) Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Notes
He was the grandson of Charles Darwin and son of George Howard Darwin. he was the brother of Gwen Raverat and brother-in-law of Geoffrey Keynes.

Sir Charles Galton Darwin, KBE, MC, FRS^[1] (18 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist, the grandson of Charles Darwin. He served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War.^[2]

Early life

Darwin was born at Newnham Grange in Cambridge,^[3] England into a scientific dynasty, the son of the mathematician Sir George Howard Darwin and the grandson of Charles Darwin. His mother was Lady Darwin, Maud du Puy of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His elder sister was the artist Gwen Raverat, and his younger sister Margaret married Geoffrey Keynes, the brother of the economist John Maynard Keynes. His younger brother William Robert Darwin was a London stockbroker. Darwin was educated at Marlborough College (1901-6) and then won a place studying Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge graduating MA in 1910.

Career

He secured a post-graduate position at the Victoria University of Manchester, working under Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr on Rutherford's atomic theory. In 1912, his interests developed into using his mathematical skills assisting Henry Moseley on X-ray diffraction. His two 1914 papers on diffraction of X-rays from perfect crystals became often cited classics. In a further paper of 1922, he introduced the mosaic crystal model.

On the outbreak of World War I, he was commissioned and sent to France as a censor. A year later William Lawrence Bragg had him transferred to the Royal Engineers to participate in the work on the localisation of enemy artillery by sound ranging.^[4] When that was on a sound footing he was transferred to the RAF to study aircraft noise. From 1919 to 1922 he was a lecturer and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge where he worked with R.H. Fowler on statistical mechanics and, what came to be known as, the Darwin–Fowler method. He then worked for a year at the California Institute of Technology before becoming Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1924, working on quantum optics and magneto-optic effects. He was the first in 1928, to calculate the fine structure of the hydrogen atom under P.A.M. Dirac's relativistic theory of the electron.

In 1936 Darwin became master of Christ's College, beginning his career as an active and able administrator, becoming director of the National Physical Laboratory on the approach of war in 1938. He served in the role into the post-war period, unafraid to seek improved laboratory performance through re-organisation, but spending much of the war years working on the Manhattan Project co-ordinating the American, British, and Canadian efforts.

He was appointed KBE in 1942.

Private life

In 1925 he married Katharine Pember, a mathematician and daughter of Francis William Pember. They had four sons and a daughter:

• Cecily Darwin (born 1926) became an X-ray crystallographer and in 1951 married John Littleton of Philadelphia.
• George Pember Darwin (1928–2001) worked developing computers, and then (1964) married Angela Huxley, daughter of David Bruce Huxley. She was also a granddaughter of the writer Leonard Huxley and a great-granddaughter of Thomas Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog".
• Henry Galton Darwin (1929–1992) was with the British Foreign Office, and married Jane Christie.
• Francis William Darwin (1932–2001) was a zoologist and taught at the University of London, and married in 1974.
• Edward Leonard Darwin (born 1934) became a civil engineer.

In his spare time, Darwin also served as a wartime vice-president of the Simplified Spelling Society.^[5]

On his retirement, his attention turned to issues of population, genetics and eugenics. His conclusions were pessimistic and entailed a resigned belief in an inevitable Malthusian catastrophe, as described in his 1952 book The Next Million Years. He first argued in this book that voluntary birth control (family planning) establishes a selective system that ensures its own failure. The cause is that people with the strongest instinct for wanting children will have the largest families and they will hand on the instinct to their children, while those with weaker instincts will have smaller families and will hand on that instinct to their children. In the long run society will consist mainly of people with the strongest instinct to reproduce. This would ultimately have dysgenic effects.^[6]

In later years he travelled widely, an enthusiastic collaborator across national borders and an able communicator of scientific ideas.

He died at Newnham Grange in Cambridge (the house where he was born) on New Year's Eve 1962/3; he was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium on 4 January 1963. He and his late wife are commemorated with a memorial at St. Botolph's Church, Cambridge; she was cremated, the funeral was in Wimbledon, where she had been living.

Publications

• The New Conceptions of Matter (1931)
• The Next Million Years (1952)

References

1. Thomson, G. P. (1963). "Charles Galton Darwin. 1887-1962". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 9: 69–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0004.
2. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Charles Galton Darwin", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
3. https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf
4. Van der Kloot,W. (2005). "Lawrence Bragg's role in the development of sound-ranging in World War I." Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 59: 273–284.
5. "The Simplified Spelling Society Officers and Committee Members". The Spelling Society. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
6. Carl Jay Bajema (ed) Eugenics. Then and Now, Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross Inc. , 1976, p. 294-298.

External links

• NPL biography

Charles Galton Darwin at Find a Grave

• Online book: The Next Million Years, 1953