James Harrington (Yorkist knight)

Sir James Harrington, KB, MP of Hornby (d. ?1485) was a prominent supporter of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses, whose family held extensive estates in both Yorkshire and Lancashire.[1] He was second son of Sir Thomas Harrington, who had died with the king's father at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. He was a significant regional figure during the reign of King Edward IV and was in the Household of King Richard III, probably being killed with him at the battle of Bosworth.

Early years

Site of the battle of Blore Heath, 1459

Between the late 1450s and 1460s the family had a close relationship with the Nevilles: "The Harrington brothers [were] feed by Warwick, and their father had been feed by Salisbury."[2] He was a retainer and Councillor to Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick,[3] and had been granted duchy of Lancaster leases by him,[4] with his father, Sir Thomas.[5] He was in the earl of Salisbury's army when it was ambushed by the Lancastrian Lord Audley near Blore Heath, in Shropshire, on 23 September 1459. Although a Yorkist victory, Sir James and his father, along with Warwick's brother John Neville were captured after the battle, at Acton Bridge, and sent to Chester Castle, Harrington was pardoned on 29 March 1460,[6] but the Nevilles were not to be released until the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460.[7] However, with James's elder brother John, Sir Thomas later died with Richard, Duke of York at the battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460.[8] Following the victory of Edward IV at the Battle of Towton on Palm Sunday, 29 April the next year, Sir James was made the King's escheator for Yorkshire. Following his death, Sir Thomas's feoffees transferred his estates, that his daughters were due to inherit, to James in 1463, a decision that would consume the next eleven years and ultimately have grave consequences for James and his family.[9] On 13 July 1465 he assisted with the capture of the by-now fugitive Henry VI[10] by being the instrument of persuasion that induced Sir Thomas Talbot of Bashall, and Sir Richard Tempest of Bracewell, who were sheltering the King, to betray him.[11] For this he received one hundred marks (£66) for expenses, and a reward of one hundred pounds.[12]

Feud with Lord Stanley

Hornby Castle, Lancashire, the focus of the feud with the Stanley family (4)

When James's brother John Harrington fell at Wakefield, he left as his heirs his two daughters, Elizabeth and Anne,[13] who were four and five years old at the time,[14] which meant their wardship was automatically in the hands of the Crown to dispense. Edward duly did so, to Thomas, Lord Stanley in November 1461, but James and his brother Robert, in attempt to keep the inheritance for the family, effectively disallowed the King's grant and imprisoned (or, kept in custody) the two girls, "in divers places, contrary to their wishes." Along with the girls, Sir James also seized Hornby castle, Lonsdale, which was the chief residence contained in the inheritance,[15] but which also included Brierley, and some manors originally granted him by his father's feoffees, including George Neville, in 1463.[16] The dispute was more complicated than merely theft and kidnapping. Harrington claimed that, in law, his father's estates were held in tail male, in which case they could only be passed through the male line and the actions of Sir Thomas's feoffees would be illegal, and the inheritance remain with him; Stanley, however, claimed them to be held in fee simple, viz through the female line.[17] In October 1466, Stanley obtained a grant to sue in the King's Court, but the matter was not dealt with until 1468, when a commission found against Harrington[18] and he and his brother were committed "temporarily" to the Fleet Prison.[19]

The political crisis between Edward and the earl of Warwick between 1468 and 1471 put the legal case on hiatus. During the readeption of Henry VI they held Hornby against Stanley, who as yet had been unable to take possession of it[20] On March 5 Warwick showed himself willing to take Stanley's side, and despatched the royal cannon Mile Ende from Bristol to help him besiege Hornby castle.[21]

When Edward returned from exile in March 1471, Harrington was one of the first (and one of the few) northern knights to openly join him, meeting him at Doncaster (or possibly Nottingham)[22] with 600 men-at-arms and Sir William Parr.[23] After Edward's victories at the battles of the Barnet and the Tewkesbury in April and May respectively, at which Harrington may have fought,[24] the case was reheard the next year. By April, 1472, the King was involving himself personally and imposed a settlement. Harrington still did not 'give up' even though the award was in Stanley's favour, and, in the face of a royal commission in June, was still in possession of Hornby, having 'stuffed and enforced it with men and victuals and habitements of war;' the Harringtons still occupied it in August 1473, when Edward was forced to send his Sheriff to condemn their actions as being 'in contempt of his lawes.' [25] Although they were eventually forced to surrender Hornby to Edward Stanley, they retained Farleton and Brierley.[26] Harrington remained in the King's favour, and accompanied him on the 1475 invasion of France,[27] to which he brought twelve men-at-arms and one hundred archers.[28] He was appointed to a Commission of the peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire the same year;[29] the most obvious reason for this being that they were both "trusted Yorkist servants"[30] and the King had a reluctance to alienate his own supporters.[31]

Stanley, having finally gained possession of the girls along with a grant of their marriagability, promptly utilised it, and married them off to his relatives,[32] for example, Anne was married to his fifth son, Edward, and Elizabeth to John Stanley, his nephew.[33]

Throughout the dispute, Harrington resided at his manors of Farleton and Brierley, and was given permission to crenelate the latter in 1480.[34]

Relations with Richard III

Hundred of Amounderness, and Bowland

His connection with Gloucester, who aided him in his feud with Stanley,[35] in late 1469, when the duke of Gloucester, as he then was, was appointed forester of Amounderness, Blackburn, and Bowland, and Harrington was Steward of Amournderness hundred. He then became Gloucester's deputy-Steward for Bowland.[36] Following Edward's successful 1471 campaign, he was retained by Gloucester and became a member of his personal council,[37] which put him in proximity to the King.[38] He served with Gloucester on his border campaigns of 1480 and 1482.[39] On Richard's accession in 1483, it is likely that Harrington saw this as a way of re-opening the inheritance dispute,[40] and 'by implication' intending to re-adjudicate in their favour.[41] as they were by now fully committed to Gloucester's affinity (to the extent that James's brother Robert was involved in the arrest of William, Lord Hastings on 13 June 1483),[42] and James was appointed chief forester of Bowland in February 1485.[43]

Death

View from Ambion Hill, traditionally Richard III's position at the battle of Bosworth

Sir James Harrington was not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers as being present at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, and this has led some historians to believe he was present but survived.[44] However, the Harrington family tradition holds that he died there, and the later Ballad of Bosworth Field claimed he, with other northern knights, brought "a mighty many" there;[45] he was certainly excluded from the general pardon of 1486 and attainted in 1487,[46][47] and then disappears from the records. According to Rosemary Horrox, there are no more references to any "James Harrington", except his Cambridge-educated nephew[48] who fought for the rebel earl of Lincoln at the battle of Stoke, was attainted and then pardoned before becoming Dean of York and dying there in 1512.[49] As a knight of the Body, and a member of the King's Household,[50] it is likely that he took part in Richard's fatal charge,[51] and may have been his standard bearer.[52] If he did survive the battle however, it is possible that he was dead by 1488, having been "admitted to allegiance" in 1486 but dying "too poor, it is said, to pay Chancery clerks for his pardon."[53] Ultimately, "even if James senior survived, the family had been extinguished as a force."[54]

Family

Sir James Harrington had a (possibly illegitimate) son, John, whom he made his heir before departing on the Scottish campaign of 1480, and whom Richard III had made an esquire of the household.[55] His widow Elizabeth wrote to her second husband some time after Bosworth expressing the belief that he had been poisoned ("a little before [or] or more probably a little after" that battle) by her ex-brother-in-law Edward Stanley, who, having received James's estates from his attainder, wished to ensure that John would not be able to seek its reversal.[56] Horrox states that he was "reputedly poisoned."[57]

Official positions and titles

References

  1. ↑ Ross, C., Richard III, St. Ives (repr.) 1990, p. 51
  2. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 42
  3. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  4. ↑ Hicks, M., Warwick the Kingmaker, Oxford (repr.) 2002, p. 225
  5. ↑ Ross, C., Richard III, St. Ives (repr.) 1990, p. 51
  6. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990. p. 277
  7. ↑ Hipshon, D., Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, Stroud 2009, p. 41
  8. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  9. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  10. ↑ Griffiths, R.A., The Reign of Henry VI, Berkeley 1981, p. 894, n. 18
  11. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990, p. 302
  12. ↑ Scofield, C. L., The Life and Reign of Edward IV (2 vol.), London 1923, p. 384
  13. ↑ Baldwin, D., Stoke Field, Barnsley 2006, p. 33
  14. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  15. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  16. ↑ Goodman, A., The Wars of the Roses, New York 1981, p. 98
  17. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990, p. 325
  18. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  19. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  20. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  21. ↑ Baldwin, D., Stoke Field, Barnsley 2006, p. 33
  22. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 41
  23. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 164
  24. ↑ Dockray, K., 'The Political Legacy of Richard III' in Griffiths, R.A. & Sherborne, J. (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, New York 1986, p. 220
  25. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 400
  26. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990, p. 326
  27. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  28. ↑ Weiss, M., 'A Power in the North- The Percies in the Fifteenth Century' The Historical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), p. 508
  29. ↑ Hicks, M., 'Dynastic Change and Northern Society: The Fourth Earl of Northumberland, 1470–89,' in Richard III and His Rivals: Magnates and the Rivals in the Wars of the Roses, London 1991, p.374 n. 50
  30. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  31. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 408
  32. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  33. ↑ Goodman, A., The Wars of the Roses, New York 1981, p. 99
  34. ↑ Baldwin, D., Stoke Field, Barnsley 2006, p. 33
  35. ↑ Ross, C., Richard III, St. Ives (repr.) 1990, p. 51
  36. ↑ Hipshon, D., Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, Stroud 2009, p. 91
  37. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 202
  38. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  39. ↑ Jones, M.K., Bosworth Field, Stroud (repr.) 2010, p. 170
  40. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  41. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 322
  42. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 46
  43. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 322
  44. ↑ Dockray, K., 'The Political Legacy of Richard III' in Griffiths, R.A. & Sherborne, J. (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, New York 1986, p. 206: for example, Keith Dockray.
  45. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990, p. 363
  46. ↑ Dockray, K., 'The Political Legacy of Richard III' in Griffiths, R.A. & Sherborne, J. (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, New York 1986, p. 221
  47. ↑ Pollard, A.J., North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: : Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500, Oxford 1990, p. 363 n. 76; Pollard suggests 'the Harringtons were victims of Stanley vindictiveness. For them Bosworth was the resolution of a long-standing feud'
  48. ↑ Dobson, R., 'Richard III and the Church of York' in Griffiths, R.A. & Sherborne, J. (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, New York 1986, p. 140
  49. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  50. ↑ Kendall, P.M., Richard III, Aylsbury (repr.)1972
  51. ↑ Hammond, P. Richard III and the Bosworth Campaign, Barnsley 2012, p. 101
  52. ↑ Hipshon, D., Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, Stroud 2009, p. 7
  53. ↑ Lander, J.R., 'Attainder and Forfeiture, 1453 to 1509' The Historical Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1961), p. 141
  54. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  55. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p. 267
  56. ↑ Baldwin, D., Stoke Field, Barnsley 2006, p. 34
  57. ↑ Rosemary Horrox, 'Harrington family (per. c.1300–1512)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 October 2013
  58. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  59. ↑ Horrox, R., Richard III: A Study in Service, Cambridge 1989, p.183
  60. ↑ Ross, C., Edward IV, London 1975, p. 409
  61. ↑ Ross, C., Richard III, St. Ives (repr.) 1990
  62. ↑ Hipshon, D., Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, Stroud 2009, p. 7
  63. ↑ Dockray, K., 'The Political Legacy of Richard III' in Griffiths, R.A. & Sherborne, J. (eds.), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, New York 1986, p. 220
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