Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet

Sir John Gladstone Bt FRSE
Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed
In office 1826 – 1827
Preceded by	Sir Francis Blake, Bt
Succeeded by	Sir Francis Blake, Bt
Member of Parliament for Woodstock
In office 1820 – 1826
Preceded by	Sir Henry Dashwood, Bt
Succeeded by	George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford
Member of Parliament for Lancaster
In office 1818 – 1820
Preceded by	John Fenton-Cawthorne
Succeeded by	John Fenton-Cawthorne
Personal details
Born	11 December 1764 Leith, Midlothian, Scotland
Died	7 December 1851 (aged 86) Fasque House, Kincardineshire, Scotland
Resting place	St Andrew's Chapel, Kincardineshire, Scotland
Political party	Tory
Spouse(s)	Jane Hall (m. 1792–1798); Anne MacKenzie Robertson (m. 1801–1835)
Children	Anne MacKenzie Thomas Robertson John Neilson William Ewart Helen Jane
Profession	Merchant
Religion	Church of Scotland (1764–1804) Church of England (1804–1851)

Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet, FRSE (11 December 1764 – 7 December 1851) was a Scottish merchant, slave-trader, Member of Parliament, and the father of the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. Through his commercial activities he acquired several large plantations in Jamaica and Guyana, worked initially by enslaved Africans. As a result of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 which abolished slavery in the British Empire, Gladstone expelled most African workers form his estates and imported large numbers of indebted Indian indentured-servants, through false promises of providing them schools and medical attention. However upon arrival they were paid no wages, the repayment of their debts being deemed sufficient, and worked under conditions that continued to resemble slavery in everything except name.^[1] Active in politics he worked to secure compensation from the British Government for "property losses" (in this case slaves) incurred as a result of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and eventually received £106,769 (modern equivalent £83m) ^[2][3] the largest of all compensation payments made by the Slave Compensation Commission.^[4]

Early life

Born in Leith, in Midlothian, John Gladstones was the eldest son of the merchant Thomas Gladstones, and his wife, Helen Neilson. John was the second of the family's sixteen children. John Gladstones left school in 1777 at the age of 13, later describing his education as "a very plain one - to read English, a little Latin, writing and figures comprehending the whole."^[5] John was apprenticed to Alexander Ogilvy, manager of the Edinburgh Roperie and Sailcloth Company ropeworks in Leith. On completing his apprenticeship in 1781, he entered his father's corn and grain trading and provisioning business.^[6]

Thomas Gladstones was aware of the limitations of Leith, especially compared to the opportunities then opening up in Glasgow and in Liverpool. In 1784 he sent John to the German Baltic ports to buy grain, transacting his business through an interpreter. In 1786 he travelled to Liverpool, Manchester and London to sell his father's corn and sulphuric acid.^[7] But the following year with his father's financial support, John Gladstones was determined to move to Liverpool. Almost immediately he went into partnership with grain merchants Edgar Corrie and Jackson Bradshaw. The business of Corrie, Gladstone & Bradshaw, and the wealth of its members, soon grew very large. Once he had settled in Liverpool, Gladstones dropped the final "s" from his surname, although this was not legally regularised by letters patent until 1835.^[8] John Gladstone spent a year in the United States, travelling to New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland to purchase wheat, maize, flax-seed, hemp, tobacco, timber, leather, turpentine and tar.^[9]

John Gladstone lived on Bold Street from the time he moved to Liverpool until after his first marriage in 1790 to Jane Hall, daughter of a lesser Liverpool merchant. John never travelled abroad again: but the new couple settled into Rodney Street. Jane never had any children, and their marriage lasted barely six years. Although he was a devout Presbyterian, there was no Scottish church in Liverpool and Gladstone and the other Scots resident in Liverpool worshiped at Renshaw Street Unitarian Chapel. In 1792, Gladstone, William Ewart and some other Scots built a Scottish chapel on Oldham Street and the Caledonian School opposite it for the education of their children.^[10] Gladstone also had a new home built for himself at 62 Rodney Street, Liverpool, at the cost of £1,570. It was finished in September 1793.^[11]

Marriage and family

In 1792, John Gladstone married Jane Hall (1765–1798), the daughter of Joseph Hall, a Liverpool merchant. Her health was never good and she died in 1798.

On 29 April 1800, he married Anne MacKenzie Robertson (1772–1835) at St Peter's Parish Church in Liverpool. She was the daughter of Andrew Robertson, a solicitor and Justice of the Peace and the Provost of Dingwall in Ross-shire.^[12] They had six children together:

1. Anne MacKenzie Gladstone (1802–1829)
2. Sir Thomas Gladstone, 2nd Baronet (1804–1889)
3. Robertson Gladstone (1805–1875)
4. John Neilson Gladstone (1807–1863)
5. William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)
6. Helen Jane Gladstone (1814–1880)

Around 1804, John Gladstone ceased to attend the Presbyterian church, attending the Church of England St Mark's Church from then on with his family. The Church of Scotland had also never been to Mrs Gladstone's liking because of the Episcopalian tradition of the Robertson family and her own strong evangelicalism.^[13] Gladstone decided that he wanted to move his young family away from the city centre, and in 1813 the Gladstone family finally settled at Seaforth House, two years after construction had begun. A mansion on 100 acres (0.40 km²) of Litherland marsh, four miles (6 km) north-northwest of Liverpool, the Seaforth estate combined the mansion, a home farm and a village of cottages, and here John Gladstone could live as a landed gentleman. In 1815 he built St Thomas's Anglican Church at Seaforth, the rector of which, the Reverend William Rawson, established a school in the parsonage for educating the sons of local gentlemen, including the Gladstone boys. He also built St Andrew's Episcopal Church in Renshaw Street, with a school attached to it for educating poor children.^[14]

Business

After sixteen years of operations, the partnership of Corrie, Gladstone & Bradshaw was dissolved in 1801 and its business was continued by John Gladstone under the name of John Gladstone & Company. He took his brother Robert into partnership with him in 1801, and eventually all six of his brothers moved to Liverpool to work in various mercantile businesses. John Gladstone's business became very extensive, having a large trade with Russia, and as sugar importers and West India merchants. In 1814, when the monopoly of the British East India Company was broken and trade with India and China was opened to competition, Gladstone's firm was the first to send a private ship to Calcutta. He also invested in property, constructing a number of houses in Liverpool and purchasing an estate just outside the city.

John Gladstone made a fortune trading in corn with the United States and cotton with Brazil. He acquired large sugar plantations in Jamaica and Demerara, and was Chairman of the West India Association. Later, trying to recruit indentured labourers, he wrote that the work in the sugar plantations was light and conditions generally good, including schools and medical attention.^[15] This was a picture derived from information given by plantation managers, who did not communicate the routine abuse of slaves nor their miserable conditions of malnutrition, overcrowding, and overwork. It ignored the comprehensive and damning evidence on the reality of slavery in the British and French Caribbean, provided by many writers of the time such as missionaries and other returning Britons.^[16]

When the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was passed, he was active in obtaining compensation for slave owners. He received £106,769 (modern equivalent £83m) for the 2,508 slaves he owned across nine plantations.^[2][3] Gladstone's payment was the largest of all compensation payments made by the Slave Compensation Commission.^[4]

After the abolition of slavery, John Gladstone used indentured servants from India to work in slavery-like conditions in his sugar plantations. Knowing that a number of Indians had been sent to Mauritius as indentured labour,^[17] Gladstone expressed a desire to obtain labour from India for his plantations in the West Indies in a letter dated 4 January 1836 to Messrs Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co. of Calcutta.^[18]

Politics

Gladstone was also interested in politics. At first he had been a Whig, but from 1812 onwards his political outlook appears to have changed due to a number of factors. In religion he had long ceased to have any sympathy with Unitarianism or Presbyterianism. He had become alienated from the Whig and Radical circles in Liverpool, and feared the disorder caused by the Napoleonic Wars.^[19] The friendships he formed with Tories George Canning and Kirkman Finlay also had a great influence on his changing political outlook, and became a Tory. In 1812 he presided over a meeting at Liverpool which was called to invite George Canning to represent Liverpool in the House of Commons.^[20]

In 1817 John Gladstone decided to enter parliament. Although he wanted to stand for election in Liverpool, there was no vacancy, and he was obliged to explore other possibilities, including Ross-shire and Stafford, before deciding to stand for Lancaster in the general election of 1818.^[21] At the general election of 1818, Gladstone chose to stand for Woodstock, due to the heavy financial cost of the Lancaster constituency.^[22] He made few speeches in the House of Commons, but he was regarded as having done good work in committees and was known as one of the most informed MPs when it came to commerce. He was in favour of a qualified reform of the franchise and of Greek independence during the 1820s.^[23]

When George Canning left his Liverpool seat in 1822, Gladstone sought to be elected as his successor. However, William Huskisson was chosen instead, and this rejection by Liverpool soured Gladstone's relationship with the city.^[24] He finally served as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1826 to 1827.

Later years

Gladstone's plaque in Leith

Around 1820 John Gladstone began searching for an estate in Scotland, and in December 1829 he purchased the Fasque Estate in Kincardineshire from Sir Alexander Ramsay for £80,000. He decided to return, with his family, to Scotland. Only Robertson would remain in Liverpool to look after the business.^[25] In a sense the decision to leave Liverpool was easy, with the family attachment to Liverpool and Seaforth now much weakened following the death of Gladstone's eldest child, Anne, in 1829. Mrs Gladstone had never made any real connection with Liverpool, because of her shyness, her frequent illnesses and her involvement with her children.^[25] Gladstone and his family left Seaforth in 1830, spending the next few years living in Royal Leamington Spa and Torquay seeking health for Mrs Gladstone and their daughter, Helen, before taking up residence at Fasque House in the summer of 1833.^[25] The family spent their winters in Edinburgh at their townhouse at 11 Atholl Crescent^[26]

In 1838 John Gladstone paid for several philanthropic works in his home town of Leith, including St Thomas's Church, an adjacent manse, a free school for boys, a free school for girls, a "house for female incurables", and a public rose garden. In 1846 Gladstone was created a baronet by the outgoing Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel.

Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet, of Fasque and Balfour in the County of Kincardine, died at Fasque House in December 1851, aged 86, and was buried at St Andrew's Episcopal Church at Fasque. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Thomas Gladstone, 2nd Baronet. He has been described by Checkland as "a strong, vigorous and overpowering man, whose life was strewn with quarrels, great and small."^[27]

A plaque was erected in 1909 at the corner of Great Junction Street and King Street in Leith commemorating the site of the birthplace of John Gladstone.

See also

• Thomas Gladstones
• Demerara rebellion of 1823
• Jack Gladstone

Notes

1. Sheridan, Richard B. (2002). "The Condition of slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara 1812 to 1849" (pdf). New West Indian Guide 76 (3/4): 243–269.
2. Manning, Sanchez (24 February 2013). "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition". Independent on Sunday (London). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
3. "John Gladstone: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History 2014. 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
5. Sydney Checkland, “The Gladstones: A Family Biography, 1764–1851” (Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 10-11.
6. Checkland, p. 11.
7. Checkland, p. 13.
8. Checkland, p. 14.
9. Checkland, p. 24.
10. Checkland, p. 31.
11. Checkland, p. 33.
12. ThePeerage.com: Anne MacKenzie Robertson
13. Checkland, p. 46.
14. Checkland, p. 79.
15. Letter from John Gladstone, Esq. to Messrs. Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co., Liverpool, 4 January 1836. http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/scoble/JANU1836.HTM accessed 24 November 2015
16. Sheridan, Richard B. (2002). "The Condition of slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara 1812 to 1849" (pdf). New West Indian Guide 76 (3/4): 243–269.
17. History of the South Asian Diaspora. wesleyan.edu
18. "Copy of letter from John Gladstone, Esq. to Messrs. Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co.". 4 January 1836. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
19. Checkland, p. 51.
20. Checkland, p. 61.
21. Checkland, p. 102.
22. Checkland, p. 104.
23. Checkland, p. 106.
24. Checkland, p. 162.
25. Checkland, p. 222.
26. Checkland, p. 282.
27. Checkland, p. 311.

References

• Sydney Checkland, The Gladstones: A Family Biography, 1764–1851 (1971).
• Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Peel's Inheritor, 1809–1865 (1985), ISBN 0-8078-1591-8.
• Jenkins, Roy. Gladstone. London. pp. 4–11, 14–8, 28, 73, 78–9, 89, 96, 177–9, 432n, 627. ISBN 0-333-66209-1.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir John Gladstone
• Guiana 1838 Movie