John Nixon (Indian Army officer)

Sir John Nixon
Sir John Nixon
Born	16 August 1857 Brentford, Middlesex
Died	15 December 1921 St. Raphaël, France
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Indian Army
Rank	Lieutenant-General
Commands held	Bangalore Brigade 7th (Meerut) Division 1st (Peshawar) Division Southern Army, India Northern Army, India
Battles/wars	Second Anglo-Afghan War Second Boer War World War I
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath

General Sir John Eccles Nixon, GCMG, KCB (16 August 1857–15 December 1921) was senior commander of the British Indian Army. He gave the orders for the ultimately disastrous first British Expedition against Baghdad during the First World War.

Early career

Educated at Rossall School and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Nixon was commissioned into the 75th Regiment of Foot in 1875.^[1] He transferred to the Bengal Staff Corps in 1878 and then served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War.^[1] He also took part in the Mahsud Waziri expedition in 1881, was promoted to captain on 10 September 1886,^[2] and served in the Chitral Relief Force in 1895,^[1] following which he was promoted to major on 10 September 1895.^[2] He was Chief Staff Officer of the Tochi Field Force in 1897.^[1]

Nixon served as a Cavalry Brigade Commander during the Second Boer War, was promoted to a lieutenant-colonel on 10 September 1901, and mentioned in despatches (dated 8 April 1902^[3]). Following the war, he became Assistant Quartermaster General (Intelligence) in India in 1902.^[1] He became commander of the Bangalore Brigade in 1903, Inspector General of Cavalry in India 1906 and General Officer Commanding 7th (Meerut) Division in 1908.^[1] He went on to be General Officer Commanding 1st (Peshawar) Division in 1910 and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Army in India in 1912.^[1]

First World War

Nixon was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Army in India in February 1915.^[1] Two months later he became Commander of an Expeditionary Force sent to Mesopotamia.^[1] He ordered an aggressive plan to take Baghdad.^[1] The British forces in India for nearly a century had operated with little or no direction from London. Following in this tradition, Nixon's aggressive stance in Mesopotamia was not submitted for approval from London. It was approved in New Delhi, and that was enough.

The advance into Mesopotamia met with initial success. The Ottoman forces, under the overall command of Khalil Pasha in Baghdad and more locally under Nur-Ud Din Pasha were not very well equipped and not well supplied. As far as the Ottoman leader Enver Pasha was concerned, Mesopotamia was the least important campaign in the theatre, so the Caucasus, the Sinai, and the Dardanelles campaigns had priority when men and materiel were being allocated.

From January 1915 until November, the British advanced up the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The furthest advance was by General Townshend's 6th Poona division which captured Kut on 26 September 1915. At this point, Townshend's forces were just about halfway between Basra and Baghdad and he wanted to call a halt. But in a rash of communications Nixon ordered a continuation of the expedition and so the 6th Poona division headed up river. By this time the Ottoman Army had brought a retired military expert into command - Baron von der Goltz - and sent additional troops to defend Baghdad.

General Nixon was sufficiently confident to embark with only his headquarters company and proceed upriver, hoping to be in Baghdad by Christmas. However, in late November, when news reached him that Townshend's forces had fought an inconclusive battle at Ctesiphon and were retreating to Kut, Nixon turned back towards Basra. His paddle steamer then came under attack from both sides of the river and ran aground. A sitting target, with only bales of straw around the deck for protection, casualties mounted until the Commander in Chief of Mesopotamia ran up a white flag and invited his attackers to parley. They turned out to be Arabs who had changed sides as the tide of war had turned the Turks' way. Nixon had to pay over a huge sum before he was allowed to continue to Basra. Everyone on board the steamer was treated to coffee but sworn to secrecy on pain of death.^[4]

Baron von der Goltz with his Ottoman army reached Kut a week behind the British. At this point, Townshend asked for permission to withdraw from Kut and, in another mistake, General Nixon refused. While Townshend's cavalry and some Royal Flying Corps assets were sent down the river, the vast majority of the 6th Poona division stayed and dug in at Kut. Nixon had ordered transports and reinforcements from London. But by December 1915, the relief force was still in the Suez region. In three very specific memos Nixon expressed grave concerns at a worsening situation, and expressed deep urgency. The continuing prevarication and delay in Whitehall deliberating on the best course of action: was the threat that serious? Would one divisional reinforcement do, or would at least two be necessary? Nixon could not have known that almost all of Townshend's military communications were being intercepted by the enemy. Increasingly all sides of the British military establishment were operating with blinkers on. Nixon's apologists, that included the first historian of the Mesopotamian campaigns, Field Marshall Robertson, have pointed out that the War Office was undergoing extensive Imperial reorganization, amidst a critical time on the Western Front. The expedition had been authorized by the Viceroy of India in conjunction with the India Office. In future all military operations would be conducted by the joint commands of the War Office. The upheaval led to a change in the Imperial General Staff, and Cabinet war policy that had a delaying impact upon General Nixon's command.^[5]

The issue of supplies for the defenders at Kut became critical. Once withdrawal became impossible, Major-General Townshend reported that he only had enough supplies for a month. In fact, his garrison held out for five months, though at reduced rations. The supply problem caused Nixon to rapidly gather his remaining divisions and launch a hasty effort to break the siege.

The relief force, under the local command of Lieutenant-General Aylmer began its efforts in early January, 1916. They forced the Ottomans out of two fortified positions (Sheikh Sa'ad and Wadi) while suffering significant casualties. However, the Battle of Hanna was a complete failure. The British troops never even reached the Ottoman defensive positions at a loss of 2,700 casualties.

Nixon had to take the blame for the looming disaster at Kut and the inability of his army to rectify the situation and so he was removed from command (officially it was due to ill-health). He was replaced by General Sir Percy Lake, who would also fail to rescue the garrison at Kut and be removed from command for his failure. The stress and fatigue became too great for Nixon himself. In the new year he had suffered a mental collapse, and in March 1916 asked to be retired from active duty. He returned to India.

In 1917 an official commission reported on the failure at Kut. Nixon was found principally responsible for the failure of the Mesopotamian Expedition.^[1] This ended Nixon's military career and he died just four years later in 1921.^[6]

Notes

1. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
2. Hart´s Army list, 1903
3. The London Gazette: no. 27443. pp. 3967–3974. 17 June 1902.
4. Eyewitness account of one Albert Maynard, who still believed in his eighties that he could be shot.
5. W.Robertson, "Mesopotamian campaigns"
6. First World War Biography

Further reading

• Barker, A. J. (2009). The First Iraq War, 1914-1918: Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-86-5.
• Barr, James. A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped The Middle East. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84737-453-0.
• Busch, Briton Cooper (1971). Britain, India, and the Arabs 1914-1921. University of California Press.
• Robertson, FM Sir William (1926). First World War: War Diaries 1914-1918. Hodder & Stoughton.

External links

• "The Indian Army of 1914"
• Biography of Sir John Nixon
• U.S. Military Academy map of the 1915 Campaign
• U.S. Military Academy map of the Siege of Kut