Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

Type	Partnership
Industry	Architecture
Founded	Chicago, Illinois, United States (1936)
Founder	Louis Skidmore Nathaniel Owings John O. Merrill
Area served	International
Key people	John O. Merrill Fazlur Rahman Khan
Services	Architecture, Building Services/MEP Engineering, Graphics, Interior Design, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Sustainable Design and Urban Design & Planning
Net income	[1]
Website	www.som.com

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings; in 1939 they were joined by John O. Merrill. They opened their first branch in New York City, New York in 1937. SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in high-end commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or "glass box" skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center (1969, second tallest in the world when built), Willis Tower (1973, tallest in the world for over twenty years), and Burj Khalifa (2010, current world's tallest building). SOM provides services in Architecture, Building Services/MEP Engineering, Digital Design, Graphics, Interior Design, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Sustainable Design and Urban Design & Planning.^[2]

Design

Many of SOM's post-war designs have become icons of American modern architecture, including the Manhattan House (1950), designated as a New York City landmark in 2007 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; and the Lever House (1952), also in New York City; as well as the Air Force Academy Chapel (1958) in Colorado Springs, Colorado; and the John Hancock Center (1969) and Sears Tower (1973), both in Chicago.

Although SOM was one of the first major modern American architectural firms to promote a corporate face (i.e. not specifically crediting individual architects for their buildings), many famous architects, engineers and interior designers have been associated with the various national offices.

Due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe’s ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them "The Three Blind Mies".^[3]

Architects

SOM's original three partners — Louis Skidmore, Nathaniel Owings and John O. Merrill.

Lever House, 390 Park Avenue, Manhattan

Manufacturers Trust Company Building at 510 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan

Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, in Chicago

7 World Trade Center, New York City

Shaklee Terraces, San Francisco, completed 1979 with a flush aluminum and glass facade and rounded corners.

Notable SOM architects include: Edward Charles Bassett,^[4] Natalie de Blois,^[5][6] Gordon Bunshaft,^[7][8] David Childs,^[9][10] Myron Goldsmith,^[11][12] Bruce Graham,^[13][14] Gertrude Kerbis,^[15] Fazlur Rahman Khan.^[16] Lucien Lagrange,^[17] Walter Netsch,^[18][19] Larry Oltmanns,^[20] Brigitte Peterhans,^[21][22] Adrian Smith,^[23] and Marilyn Jordan Taylor^[24]

Engineers

The earliest amongst the many SOM engineers was John O. Merrill.^[25] Fazlur Khan, another engineer at SOM, is considered "the greatest structural engineer of the second half of the 20th century"; he is best known for his design and construction of the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), and John Hancock Center and for his designs of structural systems that remain fundamental to all high-rise skyscrapers.^[26] Indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa (Dubai, 2010), the world’s tallest manmade structure. To support the tower’s record heights and slim footprint, he developed the "buttressed core"^[27] structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape.

Interior designers

Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a forty-year tenure at SOM.^[28]

Awards

Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized with more than 1,700 awards for quality and innovation.^[29] More than 900 of these awards have been received since 1998.^[30] In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award^[31] from the American Institute of Architects, which recognizes the design work of an entire firm. SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine.^{[32][33][34][35]} In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award.^[36]

Projects

SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, and maintains offices in Chicago, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., London, Hong Kong, Abu Dhabi, Mumbai and Shanghai.

Burj Khalifa

Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة‎ "Khalifa Tower"),^[37] formerly known as Burj Dubai, is a supertall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).^[37] Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010.^[38][39] The tower's architect and engineer is Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.^[40] George J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically. Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner.^[40][41] The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, who also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers,^[42] Besix and Arabtec. The total budget for the Burj Khalifa project is about US $1.5 billion;

1 World Trade Center

1 World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in New York City. After Daniel Libeskind won the competition for master-planning, SOM was awarded the architectural design contract for the Freedom Tower, despite having withdrawn their entry in the original design competition.

The Beacon

The Beacon is one of the largest condominium complexes in San Francisco and anchors much of the activity in North Mission Bay. In 2014, the California Supreme Court issued a landmark decision changing architectural duty to include future owners of a property.^[43]

Planning work

In addition to architectural services, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill has also competed in the field of large scale planning programs. An example of one important commission was as the lead design firm for the Boston Transportation Planning Review, a metropolitan wide re-design of Boston's entire transit and roadway infrastructure in the 1970s.

Notable projects

Project	Location	Completed	Principal architects	Notes
Oak Ridge New Town Master Plan	Oak Ridge, Tennessee	1949	John O. Merrill		[44]
Manhattan House	New York	1951		New York City Landmark	[45]
Lever House	New York	1952	Gordon Bunshaft Natalie de Blois	New York City Landmark National Register of Historic Places	[46]
Manufacturers Hanover Trust – 510 Fifth Avenue	New York	1954	Gordon Bunshaft Charles Evans Hughes III	New York City Landmark	[47]
Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus	Istanbul, Turkey	1955		Turkey's first five-star hotel.
Consular Agency of the United States, Bremen	Bremen, Germany	1956	Gordon Bunshaft	Received an award in 1974 from the Association of German Architects	[48][49]
Inland Steel Building	Chicago	1958	Bruce Graham Walter Netsch		[50]
Veterans Memorial Coliseum	Portland, Oregon	1960		Also known as Portland Memorial Coliseum.	[51]
One Chase Manhattan Plaza	New York, New York	1961		New York City Landmark[52]	[53]
BMA Tower	Kansas City, Missouri	1961	Bruce Graham	Also known as One Park Place.
Telus Tower	Montreal, Quebec	1962	Gordon Bunshaft	French: Tour Telus. Previously known as CIL House.
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory	Kitt Peak, Arizona	1962			[54]
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut	1963	Gordon Bunshaft		[55]
United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel	Colorado Springs, Colorado	1963			[56]
Mauna Kea Beach Hotel	Kohala, Hawaii	1965	Edward Charles Bassett
Circle Campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago	Chicago	1965
Autzen Stadium of the University of Oregon	Eugene, Oregon	1967
Louis Jefferson Long Library at Wells College	Aurora, New York	1968
Equitable Building	Atlanta, Georgia	1968
D90 (Boots Headquarters)	Beeston, UK	1968		Grade II* listed
University of Illinois at Chicago – Phase III: Behavioral Sciences Building	Chicago	1969			[57]
555 California Street	San Francisco, California	1969		Formerly Bank of America Center.
Grand Rapids City Hall & Kent County Administrative Building	Grand Rapids, Michigan	1969
John Hancock Center	Chicago	1969
Dan Ryan Rapid Transit Stations	Chicago	1969	Myron Goldsmith
Kennedy Rapid Transit Stations (Jefferson Park to Logan Square)	Chicago	1970	Myron Goldsmith
Regenstein Library of the University of Chicago	Chicago	1970
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum	Austin, Texas	1971
One HSBC Center	Buffalo, New York	1971
Weyerhaeuser Headquarters	Tacoma, Washington	1971
Hajj Terminal at King Abdulaziz International Airport	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	1972
Olympic Tower	New York	1972
Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower)	Chicago	1973	Bruce Graham Fazlur Khan
Carlton Centre	Johannesburg, South Africa	1973
U.S. Bank Center	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	1973	Bruce Graham James DeStefano Fazlur Khan
Edmonton City Centre	Edmonton, Alberta	1974		Formerly Edmonton Centre.
First Wisconsin Plaza	Madison, Wisconsin	1974
Azadi Stadium	Tehran, Iran	1974
City Center Square	Kansas City, Missouri	1977
555 17th Street	Denver, Colorado	1978		Formerly Anaconda Tower and Qwest Tower.
Denver World Trade Center	Denver, Colorado	1979
3 World Trade Center	New York	1981		Also known as the Marriott World Trade Center. Destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001.
Madison Plaza	Chicago	1982		Former Hyatt Corporation headquarters.
Enerplex, North Building	Princeton, New Jersey	1982
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome	Minneapolis, Minnesota	1982
AT&T Midtown Center	Atlanta, Georgia	1982		Formerly BellSouth Center and Southern Bell Center.
Georgia-Pacific Tower	Atlanta, Georgia	1982
Wells Fargo Center	Los Angeles, California	1983
U.S. Bancorp Tower	Portland, Oregon	1983		Nicknamed Big Pink.
National Commercial Bank Headquarters	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	1983
Université saad dahleb, blida	Blida, Algeria	1984	Skidmore	Université de Blida 1	https://books.google.com/books?id=bOpHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51
Trammell Crow Center	Dallas, Texas	1984
Republic Plaza (Denver)	Denver, Colorado	1984
Fort Wayne Museum of Art	Fort Wayne, Indiana	1984
Southeast Financial Center	Miami, Florida	1984
1515 Poydras	New Orleans, Louisiana	1984		Former Gulf Building
63 Building	Seoul, South Korea	1985		In Yeouido.
Wachovia Tower	Birmingham, Alabama	1986
McCormick Place - Phase 2 - Exposition Center Expansion North Building	Chicago	1986			[58]
Cannoneer Court at Pratt Institute	Brooklyn, New York	1986
Wells Fargo Tower (Birmingham)	Birmingham, Alabama	1987		Previously known as SouthTrust Tower and Wachovia Tower.
321 North Clark	Chicago	1987
Chase Tower	Dallas, Texas	1987		Also known as JPMorgan Chase Tower and Texas Commerce Tower. Nicknamed Keyhole Building.
Leo J. Pantas Hall at Pratt Institute	Brooklyn, New York	1987
SunTrust Center	Orlando	1988		Tallest building in Orlando
NBC Tower	Chicago	1989
One Worldwide Plaza	New York	1989	David Childs
461 Fifth Avenue	New York	1989
Milwaukee Center	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	1989
Roosevelt Hospital	New York	1990
Islamic Cultural Center of New York	New York	1991
100 East Pratt Street	Baltimore, Maryland	1992
Brookfield Place (Toronto)	Toronto, Ontario	1992	Bregman + Hamann Architects
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre	Hong Kong	1997
Kirchsteigfeld	Kirchsteigfeld, Germany	1997			[59]
Terminal 3 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport	Manila, Philippines	1997
Sioux City Art Center	Sioux City, Iowa	1997			[60]
MEO Arena	Lisbon, Portugal	1998		Formerly Pavilhão Atlântico (Atlantico Pavilion).	[61]
Jin Mao Tower	Shanghai, China	1999			[62]
Embassy of the United States, Ottawa	Ottawa, Canada	1999
Korea World Trade Center Expansion	Seoul, South Korea	2000
PBCom Tower	Makati, Philippines	2000		Tallest building in the Philippines.
7 South Dearborn	Chicago			Planned but never built.
Adelaide Convention Centre	Adelaide, Australia	2001
John F. Kennedy International Airport, International Arrivals Building, Terminal 4	Queens, New York	2001	Marilyn Jordan Taylor
International Terminal at San Francisco International Airport	San Francisco, California	2001	Craig W. Hartman
Dallas Convention Center	Dallas, Texas	2002
Time Warner Center	New York	2003
Random House Tower	New York	2003
Terminal 3 of Ben Gurion Airport	Tel Aviv, Israel	2004	Marilyn Jordan Taylor	In association with Moshe Safdie.
Rondo 1	Warsaw, Poland	2005		Also known as Rondo ONZ.
10 Exchange Square	London	2004
Finsbury Avenue Square	London	2004
Samsung Tower Palace 3 – Tower G	Seoul, South Korea	2004		In partnership with Samoo Architects & Engineers
Terminal 1 of Toronto Pearson International Airport	Toronto, Ontario	2004		In association with Adamson Associates Architects, and Moshe Safdie & Associates
Jianianhua Centre	Chongqing, China	2005
AIG Tower	Hong Kong	2005
New Providence Wharf	London	2006
7 World Trade Center	New York	2006
Tokyo Midtown	Tokyo	2007
Dublin Airport	Dublin, Ireland	2007
Terminal 3 of Singapore Changi Airport	Singapore	2007	Marilyn Jordan Taylor	In partnership with CPG Corporation.
101 Warren Street	Lower Manhattan	2007
Cathedral of Christ the Light	Oakland, California	2008
Centennial Towers	South San Francisco, California	2008
Chemsunny Plaza	Beijing	2008
University of Utah Campus Master Plan	Salt Lake City, Utah	2008			[63]
222 Main	Salt Lake City, Utah	2009			[64]
Trump International Hotel and Tower	Chicago	2009
Pan Peninsula	London	2009
Al Rajhi Bank Headquarters	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	2009
Burj Khalifa	Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2010
Nanjing Greenland Financial Center	Nanjing, China	2010
China World Trade Center Tower III	Beijing	2010
Al Hamra Tower	Kuwait City, Kuwait	2011
John Jay College of Criminal Justice	New York	2011	Marilyn Jordan Taylor		[65]
510 Fifth Avenue	New York	2012		Renovation and adaptive reuse.	[66]
University of North Carolina Genome Science Lab	Chapel Hill, North Carolina	2012			[67]
Zuellig Building	Makati, Philippines	2012			[68]
Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank Financial Building	Chongqing, China	2012			[69]
One World Trade Center	New York	2013			[70]
Pearl River Tower	Guangzhou, China	2013			[71]
KAFD Conference Center at King Abdullah Financial District	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	2014			[72]
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2	Mumbai, India	2014			[73]
The New School University Center	New York	2014			[74]
United States Air Force Academy Center for Character & Leadership Development	Colorado Springs, Colorado	2014			[75]
NATO Headquarters	Brussels, Belgium	2015			[76]
OKO Tower	Moscow	2015			[77]
Poly International Plaza	Beijing	2015			[78]

See also

• Gary Berkovich

References

1. Postal, Matthew A. (2007). "Designation report" (PDF). Nyc.gov.
2. Adams, Nicholas. "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: The Experiment since 1936." Milan: Electa. 2006.
3. Kamin, Blair. "Why Architecture Matters." Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2003.
4. "Edward Charles Bassett (1921-1999)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
5. "Natalie de Blois Interviewed by Detlef Mertins, June 17, 2004". SOM Journal 4. Hatje Cantz.
6. "Oral History of Natalie De Blois". The Art Institute of Chicago.
7. "Oral History of Gordon Bunshaft (1909-1990)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
8. "Gordon Bunshaft Interviewed by Betty J. Blum, April 4-7, 1989". SOM Journal 3. Hatje Cantz.
9. "David Childs, SOM architect, presents final design for the Freedom Tower - June 2007".
10. Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
11. "Myron Goldsmith: Keating Hall at IIT, by Nicholas Adams". SOM Journal 5. Hatje Cantz.
12. "Oral History of Myron Goldsmith (1918-1996)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
13. "Late SOM Architect Bruce Graham Honored: In Recognition of Graham's 40-year Career in Chicago, the Tribute to the Mastermind of the Willis (Sears) Tower and John Hancock Center Included the Dedication of Honorary Bruce J. Graham Way".
14. "Oral History of Bruce Graham (1925-2010)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
15. "Oral History of Gertrude Kerbis (b. 1926)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
16. "fazlurrkhan.com". fazlurrkhan.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
17. Archived September 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
18. "Oral History of Walter Netsch (1920-2008)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
19. "Walter Netsch Interviewed by Detlef Mertins, May 21, 2001". SOM Journal 1. Hatje Cantz.
20. "Architecture+ Awards | 2004 Jury". Arcplusonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
21. "Research | The Art Institute of Chicago". Artic.edu. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
22. "Oral history of Brigitte Peterhans / interviewed by Betty J. Blum, compiled under the auspices of the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries, the Art Institute of Chicago. :: Chicago Architects Oral History Project". Digital-libraries.saic.edu. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
23. Keegan, Edward (October 27, 2006). "Adrian Smith Leaves SOM". Washington, DC: Architect Magazine. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
24. Lewis, Anna (2014). Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. pp. 88–94. ISBN 978-1-61374-511-3.
25. FundingUniverse: SOM company history.
26. Ali Mir (2001), Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan, Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN 0-8478-2370-9
27. Engineer Bill Baker Is the King of Superstable 150-Story Structures, Wired.com
28. Pace, Eric. "Davis Allen, 82, a Designer Of Modern Business Interiors," New York Times. May 23, 1999.
29. "Architect Magazine Names SOM its Number One Architecture Firm in the United States". SOM.com. May 2010.
30. "SOM Awards". SOM.com.
31. List of AIA Firm Award Recipients http://www.aia.org/practicing/awards/AIAS075259
32. "Third Annual R+D Awards: Sustainable Form-Inclusion System". Architect Magazine. August 2009.
33. "Third Annual R+D Awards: Oasis Generator". Architect Magazine. August 2009.
34. "Third Annual R+D Awards: Pin-Fuse Joint". Architect Magazine. August 2009.
35. "Third Annual R+D Awards: San Francisco Digital Context Analysis Model". Architect Magazine. August 2009.
36. "Third Annual R+D Awards: Active Phytoremediation Wall System". Architect Magazine. August 2009.
37. Burj Khalifa Opening Ceremony. Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Dubai One TV. 2010-01-04. Event occurs at 16:00Z.
38. "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
39. "Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com". Emporis. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
40. "Burj Dubai reaches a record high". Emaar Properties. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
41. Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). "Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm". ArchitectOnline. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
42. "Burj Dubai, Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
43. Egelko, Bob (4 July 2014). "Building's residents may sue architect, state high court rules: Ruling says architect has duty to occupants". SF Gate (Hearst Communications). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
44. "Oak Ridge New Town Master Plan, Oak Ridge, Tennessee". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
45. Manhattan House, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
46. "Lever House, New York, New York". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
47. "Manufacturers Hanover Trust – 510 Fifth Avenue - New York, New York". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
48. "SOM Awards". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Retrieved March 2015.
49. "Public Works: Harry Bertoia for the Public". Harry Bertoia. Retrieved March 2015.
50. Inland Steel Building, Chicago, Illinois.
51. "Portland Memorial Coliseum - Portland, Oregon". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
52. David W. Dunlap (20 October 1987). "J. Walter Severinghaus, 81, Former Architect". The New York Times. J. Walter Severinghaus, an architect who played a key role in building the practice of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and such structures as One Chase Manhattan Plaza... was a partner in the New York City office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, which he joined in 1938, when the Chicago-based firm was beginning to expand. He was made a partner in 1949.
53. One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
54. "McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope - Tucson, Arizona". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
55. "Yale University – Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library - New Haven, Connecticut". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
56. "United States Air Force Academy – Cadet Chapel - Colorado Springs, Colorado". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
57. "University of Illinois at Chicago – Phase III: Behavioral Sciences Building - Chicago, Illinois". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
58. "McCormick Place - Phase 2 - Exposition Center Expansion North Building - Chicago, Illinois". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
59. "Kirchsteigfeld - Kirchsteigfeld, Germany". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
60. "Sioux City Art Center - Sioux City, Iowa". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
61. "Atlantico Pavilion - Lisbon, Portugal". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
62. "Jin Mao Tower - Shanghai, China". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
63. "University of Utah Campus Master Plan - Salt Lake City, Utah". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
64. "222 Main - Salt Lake City, Utah". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
65. "John Jay College of Criminal Justice - New York, New York". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
66. "510 Fifth Avenue Renovation and Adaptive Reuse - New York, New York". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
67. "University of North Carolina Genome Science Lab - Chapel Hill, North Carolina". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
68. "Zuellig Building - Manila, Philippines". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
69. "Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank Financial Building - Chongqing, China". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
70. "One World Trade Center - New York, New York". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
71. "Pearl River Tower - Guangzhou, China". Som.com. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
72. "KAFD Conference Center - Riyadh, Saudi Arabia". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
73. "Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport – Terminal 2 - Mumbai, India". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
74. "University Center - The New School". Som.com. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
75. "United States Air Force Academy – Center for Character & Leadership Development". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
76. "NATO Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
77. "OKO Tower - Moscow, Russia". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
78. "Poly International Plaza - Beijing, China". Som.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.

External links

• Official website
• Review of the 1954 Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Branch Bank in NYC
• Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Architecture on Google Maps