Slate Industry in Spain

90% of Europes's natural slate used for roofing originates from the slate industry in Spain,[1] with the region of Galicia being the primary source of production.

Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that splits into thin, smooth-surfaced layers. Metamorphic rock is rock which has changed from one form of matter into another and is not as was originally laid down by nature. It is used extensively in the building industry, particularly for roofing tiles. The production of slate is estimated at 4 million tons per year.[2]

Geography of Galicia

Galicia is situated on the North West coast of Spain, just above Portugal, and is subdivided into 4 provinces: La Coruña, Pontevedra, Lugo and Ourense.

The main areas of slate production are:-

Early history of Galicia

Main article: History of Galicia

The early history of the region has been shaped by a variety of key cultures and influences:-

4500 – 1500BC The Megalithic culture was the first major influence in the region. They were noted for their skills in construction and architecture, and the remains of thousands of tombs (or dolmens) can be found in the region.

1500 – 700BC There was a substantial increase in trade with the rest of Europe during the Bronze Age, prompted largely by developments in metallurgy.

800 – 500 BC During this period the region was heavily influenced by Celtic culture, and caestros (circular fortified areas atop a hillside, surrounded by a moat) became a common sight.

137BC The first Roman to enter the area was Decimus Junius Brutus.

410AD Galicia fell to the Suevi ( or Suebi) German tribe, following the fall of the Roman Empire, and they formed the first post Roman medieval kingdom in Europe.

584AD Galicia was invaded by the Visigothic King Leovigild

711 – 718AD The Moors attempted to gain control over Galicia, as they had done the rest of Spain, but with little success.

739AD The Moors were defeated by Alfonso I of Asturias and Galicia became integrated into the kingdom of Asturias

835AD Relics said to originate from the Apostle St James (James, son of Zebedee) were discovered in Santiago de Compostela, and the area became one of the most important pilgrimage sites in the Christian world. This remains one of the heritage sites for which the region is renowned even today.

Spanish Slate Geology

The Northern region of Spain has been subjected to periods of magmatic activity with volcanism, and this has led to the region’s unique geological development in respect of slate.

Slate deposits are over 500 million years old, having been formed during the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods of the Palaeozoic era.

Essentially, slate forms when the clay minerals in shale are out under increased pressure with high temperatures. The clay starts to revert to the mica minerals which cause the rock to grow hard with pronounced cleavage (see Cleavage (geology)) directions. It is this cleavage which enables slate to be broken along flat, even planes.

A large variety of colours and textures of slate can be produced, and the final product depends largely on the tectonic environment, the source of the sedimentary material, and the physical/chemical conditions prevalent during the sedimentation process.

As the sedimentary deposits were compacted, water was squeezed out, hence turning clay minerals into mica, and then solid mudstone. The subsequent mountain building compaction which occurred over the next few million years resulted in an even stronger rearrangement and planar orientation of the minerals. In addition, the earth’s gradual cooling and shrinking caused immense lateral pressure – particles which were horizontal altered their direction and finished up at 90 degrees to the direction of the lateral pressure. This means that in true slate the cleavage plane is very different from the original bedding plane[4] and led to the well developed cleavage for which the region is famous.[5]

Extraction of Spanish slate

The Galician slate industry is a major employer in the region and in the main slate is extracted from surface quarries. The process is as follows:[6]

  1. Geological surveys locate areas of potential slate extraction
  2. Samples are taken to allow the purity and quality of the slate to be verified.
  3. The quarry area is established, and any unusable material (“overburden”) is removed.
  4. Diamond beaded steel cutting cables are used to saw large blocks from the quarry.
  5. These blocks are transferred to the production centre to be sawn into regular smaller blocks, using their natural cleavage planes.
  6. Skilled craftsmen grade the blocks according to quality and thickness, after having split them to a predetermined size.
  7. After final quality control measures, slates are packed into crates, often with batch information so that future matches will be possible for longer term ongoing projects.

Properties of Spanish Slate

Since slate is a naturally occurring product, different kinds of slate are subject to varying chemical and mineral compositions, determined largely by the geological characteristics of the quarry from which it was mined.[7]

An important use of Spanish Slate is as a roofing material, often being specified by building professionals as a result of its aesthetic appearance and durability characteristics. Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%. Its low tendency to absorb water also makes it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing.

Slate certification

Laminations due to alternating layers of limonite and mudstone Scale x25
No laminations present in layers with a high quartz and feldspar content Scale x 25

The nature of slate as a natural organic product results in a wide variety of qualities being available worldwide. An important way of determining the differences, and degree of quality, is through the use of country certification, or quality marks.

The CE mark certifies that a product has met the EU requirements for consumer safety, health and environmental issues.[8] All Spanish Slate bears this mark.

The recent independent study from Fundación Centro Tecnológico de la Pizarra’s into the ’Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326’ has been summarised by Consultant Geologist J A Walsh and describes how certain products originating from Brazil on sale in the UK, do not bear the CE mark. Such products are sedimentary rocks that have split along their original bedding plane, whereas true slate has been subjected to metamorphism and does not split along bedding, but rather along planes associated with the realignment of minerals during metamorphism. This realignment, known as ‘schistosity’, bears no relationship to the original horizontal bedding planes.[9]

There are further national and international standards that can be applicable to slate, and give information as to the quality levels reached. Some of these are:-

Using Spanish slate on roofs

Typically Spanish slate tiles are fixed using a hook fixing method, as opposed to the more predominant nail fixing used elsewhere in the world. The benefits of hook fixing are [12]

Environmental implications

Dr Joan Walsh, a consultant geologist, writes in her article “Natural Slate: a Green Roofing Medium”,[13] that natural slate offers strong benefits over other roofing materials in terms of carbon emissions and reduced environmental impact.

In addition, the quarrying of Spanish Slate does not involve any chemical processes, and usually only local water is used to keep cutting machinery cool.

After quarrying regional authorities often dictate that the landscape is returned as much as possible to its original state, and wasted rock left as part of the extraction process is returned adjacent to the quarry [14]

References

  1. ↑ European Association of Mining Industries website retrieved on 26/01/2010
  2. ↑ Fundación Centro Tecnológico de la Pizarra’s report into the ’Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326’ Brazilian Slate Report summarized by Consultant Geologist J A Walsh, retrieved on 27/01/2010
  3. 1 2 3 4 AGP Galician Slate Association Regional production retrieved on 26/01/10
  4. ↑ Page 3 Positioning Systems for Slate Roofs retrieved on 26/01/10
  5. ↑ Galician and Spanish Slate website Geology retrieved on 26/01/10
  6. ↑ Galician and Spanish Slate website Slate Extraction retrieved on 26/01/10
  7. 1 2 3 4 Galician and Spanish Slate website Quality retrieved on 26/01/10
  8. ↑ CE mark certification retrieved on 26/01/10
  9. ↑ Fundación Centro Tecnológico de la Pizarra’s report into the ’Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326’ Brazilian Slate Report, retrieved on 04/02/2010
  10. ↑ Official website for the NF Mark of France retrieved on 26/01/10
  11. ↑ AFNOR Group website Certification retrieved on 26/01/10
  12. ↑ Galician and Spanish Slate website Hook fixing retrieved on 26/01/10
  13. ↑ Page 4 Natural Slate: a Green Roofing Medium by Dr Joan Walsh, retrieved 26/01/10
  14. ↑ Galician and Spanish Slate website Ecology retrieved on 26/01/10

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, July 30, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.