Slovene verbs

This article describes the conjugation and use of verbs in Slovene. Further information about the grammar of the Slovene language can be found in the article Slovene grammar.

Grammatical categories

In Slovene, there are four tenses:

1. The present tense (sedanjik), which considers events that are occurring.
2. The past or preterite tense (preteklik), which considers events that occurred in the past.
3. The pluperfect (past perfect) tense (predpreteklik), which considers events that occurred before a given event already in the past. It is rare in normal use.
4. The future tense (prihodnjik), which considers events that will occur.

There are 3 verb moods:

1. Indicative mood, which is used to state a fact or opinion.
2. Imperative mood, which is used to give commands.
3. Conditional mood, which is used to state possibilities or wishes, for example, If only I knew that....

In addition, there are several non-finite forms:

1. An infinitive in -ti and a supine in -t.
2. Two present active participles, in -č and in -e, indicating ongoing action.
3. Two past active participles, in -l and in -(v)ši, indicating a past or completed action.
4. A past passive participle in -n or -t, indicating an action having been performed on something.

Only the present indicative, the imperative and the non-finite forms are formed synthetically, by changing the form of the verb directly. All other forms are periphrastic (analytic), and are formed using auxiliary verbs or other additional words.

As in all Slavic languages, Slovene verbs are classified based on their aspect:

1. Perfective (dovršni) verbs, which represent a completed action.
2. Imperfective (nedovršni) verbs, which represent an ongoing action.

Each verb is either perfective or imperfective, and most verbs occur in pairs to express the same meaning with different aspects. For example, the concept of jumping is expressed in the 2 different aspects is skákati, which has an imperfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to be jumping (continuously), and skočíti, which has a perfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to jump (once). While each aspect is represented by a full verb with its own distinct conjugation, certain combinations are not or rarely used in one aspect or the other. For example, imperfective verbs generally lack a past passive participle, while perfective verbs have no present participles. Additionally, the present tense has 2 different meanings depending on the aspect of a verb. For imperfective verbs, it has present meaning, while for perfective verbs, it has a future meaning expressing a desire to carry out the action. For example, To kravo prodam "I want to sell the cow" (compare this with the future tense To kravo bom prodal "I will sell the cow").

As well, verbs can be classified based on their transitivity (Glagolska prehodnost) and aspect (Glagolski vid). Many verbs in Slovene can be both transitive and intransitive depending on their use in a sentence. However, all reflexive verbs, which are marked by the participle se (one self) are intransitive.

Conjugation

All conjugated forms of Slovene verbs can be derived from one of two verb stems. The present stem forms the base for all forms of the present indicative and the imperative, as well as the present participles. The infinitive stem forms the infinitive, supine and past participles.

The Slovene verb can be classified into several different conjugation patterns. The following table lists the basic patterns, but note that individual verbs may be irregular and have unpredictable changes. The "present" column shows the ending of the first person singular present indicative. Letters that belong to the present or infinitive stem (and are thus common to all forms based on those stems) are shown in bold.

Present	Infinitive	Examples	Notes
-em	-ti, -či -ati	nêsti, nêsem "carry", rêči, rêčem "say" bráti, bêrem "read", mléti, méljem "grind"	Basic (old) stems ending in a consonant. There are many irregularities in this group. The final consonant may be altered by some endings, in particular the infinitive, or it may switch places with the preceding vowel.
-jem	-ti -jati	bíti, bíjem "beat", čúti, čújem "hear" dajáti, dájem "give"	Basic (old) stems ending in a vowel or certain consonants.
-jem	-ati	rísati, ríšem "draw", jemáti, jémljem "take"	An extra -j- appears in the present tense, which can affect the final consonant of the stem.
-ujem	-ovati -evati	kupováti, kupújem "buy" plačeváti, plačújem "pay"	The verbs ending in -evati always have stems ending in -č-, -š-, -ž- or -j-.
-am	-ati	délati, délam "do, make"	These verbs originally had longer stems, in -aje-, in which the -j- was lost and the vowels contracted. The -j- remains in the imperative and present participles.
-em	-eti	razuméti, razúmem "understand"
-im	-iti -eti -ati	mísliti, míslim "think" vídeti, vídim "see" slíšati, slíšim "hear"	The verbs ending in -ati always have stems ending in -č-, -š-, -ž- or -j-.
-nem	-niti	dvígniti, dvígnem "lift, raise"

Present indicative

These following endings are added to the present stem of a verb, to form the present indicative.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person	-(e)m	-(e)va	-(e)mo
Second person	-(e)š	-(e)ta	-(e)te
Third person	-(e)	-(e)ta	-(e)jo

The extra -e- is added to the endings when the verb stem ends in a consonant. This -e- causes changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- (which have an infinitive in -či); these become -č- and -ž- before the present tense endings.

In some consonant stem verbs, an older, shorter form of the third person plural ending exists, which is just -o instead of -ejo. Similarly, in verbs with present stems in -i-, the ending -ijo has a shorter alternative form -e.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to give commands, and only exists in the present tense. There are no forms for the first person singular or the third person of any number.

The following endings are added to the present stem of a verb, to form the present indicative.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person		-iva	-imo
Second person	-i	-ita	-ite

If the present stem ends in -a-, the initial -i- of the ending changes to a -j-. Present stems ending with other vowels drop their final vowel. The endings also cause changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- (which have an infinitive in -či); these become -c- and -z- respectively before the imperative endings.

An additional kind of imperative, which may be called the optative or hortative, is formed by using the particle naj with the present indicative. This acts as a substitute for the imperative in the third person as well.

Non-finite forms

Infinitive and supine

There are 2 verbal nouns: the infinitive (nedoločnik) and the supine (namenilnik).

The infinitive is the basic verb form found in dictionaries, and ends in -ti. When the infinitive ending is attached to a stem ending in a consonant, that consonant may change, as follows:

• -p-ti → -psti
• -b-ti → -bsti (grêbsti, grêbe "scratch, scrape")
• -d-ti → -sti (sésti, sédem "sit down")
• -t-ti → -sti (plêsti, plêtem "braid")
• -st-ti → -sti (rásti, rástem "grow")
• -z-ti → -sti (grísti, grízem "bite, chew")
• -g-ti → -či (léči, léžem (légel) "lie down")
• -k-ti → -či (rêči, rêčem (rékel) "say")

The supine is formed by dropping the last -i of the infinitive. It is used after verbs that designate motion. For example, the supine would be used in the following sentences, (the supine has been bolded):

• V novi svet so odšli iskat bogastvo. (They went to the New World to seek fortune.)
• Pojdi se solit. (Literally, Go salt yourself. This idiomatic statement is used to express annoyance or refusal)
• Stekli smo pogasit ogenj. (We ran to put out the fire.)

Present active participle

There are two present active participles, which are used with imperfective verbs. They correspond to the English participle in -ing, and indicate ongoing or current action.

The first is an adjectival participle. It is formed by adding -eč to verbs with present stem in -i- or -e- (which lose their final vowel), -joč to verbs with present stem in -a- (the vowel is kept, so -ajoč), and -oč to all other verbs. It declines as a regular soft adjective.

Examples:

• Otrok, ki joka, je jokajoč otrok. (A child that cries is a crying child.)
• V sobo je vstopil glasno pojoč. (He entered the room singing loudly.)

The second is an adverbial participle. It was originally the nominative singular of the first participle, which had an irregular form. It is formed by removing -č from the first participle and changing -o to -e. For verbs in -uj-/-ovati this produces -uje, but this form is now archaic and has been replaced by -ovaje, as though it were an a-verb.

• Sede se je pretegnil. ([While] sitting, he stretched.)

Past active participle

There are two kinds of past active participle, used with different functions.

The l-participle exists for all verbs, and is used mainly to form the past tense. Although it is adjectival, it exists only in the nominative case, and declines for gender and number (not for person). It is formed by adding -l to the infinitive stem. A fill vowel (schwa, -e-) is inserted in the masculine singular form when attached to verbs with an infinitive stem ending in a consonant.

Examples:

• Videl sem. (I saw.)
• Ob tej novici je prebledela. (Upon [hearing] the news, she became pale.)

The š-participle is an adverbial participle, and is rarely used in modern Slovene. It denotes completed action, and is equivalent to the English construct with having + past participle. It is formed by adding -vši to the infinitive stem. The ending is only -ši if the infinitive stem ends in a consonant.

Examples:

• Stopivši iz hiše, se je napotil v krčmo. (Having stepped out of the house, he headed to the pub.)

Past passive participle

This participle corresponds to the English participle in '-ed or -en, and is an adjective that indicates a state of having undergone an action. It exists only for transitive verbs, and almost only if they are perfective. It is formed with two possible suffixes.

-n is added to verbs with an infinitive stem in -a-. Verbs with an infinitive stem in -i- receive -jen, but the -j- may disappear and alter the preceding consonant. All other verbs have -en. However, a small number of verbs, mostly those with presents in a vowel followed by -je-, have a completely different ending -t.

Examples of this participle are:

• Parkiran avto je bil ukraden. (The parked car was stolen.) (perhaps better in the active voice, "Parkiran avto so ukradli.")
• Sodišče je sodilo obtoženemu roparju. (The court tried the accused robber.)
• Spočit konj je čakal na dvorišču. (A rested horse was waiting on the yard.)

Analytical forms

Past indicative

The past (or preterite) indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. Slovene does not distinguish the past tense ("saw") from the perfect tense ("have seen").

It is formed with the auxiliary verb biti (to be) in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

• sem videl (I saw, said by a male)
• sem videla (I saw, said by a female)
• je odšla (she went)
• so odkrili (they discovered)

Pluperfect indicative

The pluperfect indicative is used to indicate an action that occurred before some other future action. It is rarely used in colloquial speech, where it is replaced by the past tense.

It is formed as though it were the past tense of the past tense: the auxiliary verb biti (to be) in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb biti (to be), plus the l-participle of the verb. The participles must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

• sem bil videl (I had seen, said by a male)
• sem bila videla (I had seen, said by a female)
• je bila odšla (she had gone)
• so bili odkrili (they had discovered)

Future indicative

The future indicative tense is used to state events that will happen in the future.

The verb biti (to be) has its own unique set of future tense forms, with the stem bo-. No other verb has a distinct form for the future tense. Instead, it is formed using biti in the future tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

• videl bom (I will see, said by a male)
• videla bom (I will see, said by a female)
• odšla bo (she will go)
• bodo odkrili (they will discover)

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to express desires, wishes, and hypothetical (often impossible) conditions.

The present conditional is formed using the special particle bi, plus the l'-participle of the lexical verb. The past conditional is rarely used, like the pluperfect, and is formed analogously: the particle bi, plus l-participle of the verb biti (to be), plus the l-participle of the verb. Examples of the conditional mood are:

• Če bi mi postalo slabo, mi, prosim, podajte tiste tablete. (Literally: If it became sick to me, to me, I kindly ask, pass those pills.; If I should become sick, kindly pass me those pills.)
• V primeru, da bi prišlo do požara, bomo umrli. (Should there be a fire, we would die.)
• Če bi (bili) končali prej, bi bili zdaj prosti. (If we had finished earlier, we would be free now.)
• Želi si, da bi bil maneken, vendar s svojimi obraznimi nečistočami nima možnosti. (He wishes that he were a model, but with his facial impurities, he has no chance.)
• O, da bi bila jesen! (O, if only it were autumn!) (literary)
• O, ko bi le bila jesen! (O, if only it were autumn!)

Passive voice

The passive voice is formed by using the auxiliary verb biti (to be), plus the passive past participle of the verb. It may also be formed by turning a verb into a reflexive verb, by adding the reflexive pronoun se to the end of a verb. Except for reflexive verbs, the passive voice is rarely used. An example of the passive voice is:

• Izvoljen je bil za člana Kraljeve družbe (He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society).

However, this is more commonly stated using the active voice with an impersonal form of the third person plural (like English "impersonal they"):

• Izvolili so ga za člana Kraljeve družbe (They elected him a fellow of the Royal Society).

Sample conjugations of Slovene verbs

The following table present the conjugation pattern for each of the 5 classes, as well as the irregular verbs.

Class I: tres- (to shake)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	tresem	sem tresel	sem bil tresel		bom tresel	--	bi tresel	bi bil tresel
	Second	treseš	si tresel	si bil tresel		boš tresel	tresi	bi tresel	bi bil tresel
	Third	trese	je tresel	je bil tresel		bo tresel	naj trese	bi tresel	bi bil tresel
Dual	First	treseva	sva tresla	sva bila tresla		bova tresla	tresiva	bi tresla	bi bila tresla
	Second	treseta	sta tresla	sta bila tresla		bosta tresla	tresita	bi tresla	bi bila tresla
	Third	treseta	sta tresla	sta bil tresla		bosta tresla	naj treseta	bi tresla	bi bila tresla
Plural	First	tresemo	smo tresli	smo bili tresli		bomo tresli	tresimo	bi tresli	bi bili tresli
	Second	tresete	ste tresli	ste bili tresli		boste tresli	tresite	bi tresli	bi bili tresli
	Third	tresejo	so tresli	so bili tresli		bodo tresli	naj tresejo	bi tresli	bi bili tresli
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	---
	Past active I	tresel	tresla	treslo	tresla	tresli	tresli	tresli	tresle	tresla
	Past passive	raztresen	raztresena	raztreseno	raztresena	raztreseni	raztreseni	raztreseni	raztresene	raztresena
Gerunds	Present active	---			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	tresti
	Past active II	--				Supine	trest

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class II: ven- (to wilt/fade)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	venem	sem venil	sem bil venil		bom venil	--	bi venil	bi bil venil
	Second	veneš	si venil	si bil venil		boš venil	veni	bi venil	bi bil venil
	Third	vene	je venil	je bil venil		bo venil	naj vene	bi venil	bi bil venil
Dual	First	veneva	sva venila	sva bila venila		bova venila	veniva	bi venila	bi bila venila
	Second	veneta	sta venila	sta bila venila		bosta venila	venita	bi venila	bi bila venila
	Third	veneta	sta venila	sta bil venila		bosta venila	naj veneta	bi venila	bi bila venila
Plural	First	venemo	smo venili	smo bili venili		bomo venili	venimo	bi venili	bi bili venili
	Second	venete	ste venili	ste bili venili		boste venili	venite	bi venili	bi bili venili
	Third	venejo	so venili	so bili venili		bodo venili	naj venejo	bi venili	bi bili venili
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	---
	Past active I	venil	venila	venilo	venila	venili	venili	venili	venile	venila
	Past passive	---
Gerunds	Present active	---			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	veniti
	Past active II	--				Supine	venit

(1) Indicates that the participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class III: kupu-/kupova- (to buy)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	kupujem	sem kupoval	sem bil kupoval		bom kupoval	--	bi kupoval	bi bil kupoval
	Second	kupuješ	si kupoval	si bil kupoval		boš kupoval	kupuj	bi kupoval	bi bil kupoval
	Third	kupuje	je kupoval	je bil kupoval		bo kupoval	naj kupuje	bi kupoval	bi bil kupoval
Dual	First	kupujeva	sva kupovala	sva bila kupovala		bova kupoval	kupujva	bi kupovala	bi bila kupovala
	Second	kupujeta	sta kupovala	sta bila kupovala		bosta kupovala	kupujta	bi kupovala	bi bila kupovala
	Third	kupujeta	sta kupovala	sta bil kupovala		bosta kupovala	naj kupujeta	bi kupovala	bi bila kupovala
Plural	First	kupujemo	smo kupovali	smo bili kupovali		bomo kupovali	kupujmo	bi kupovali	bi bili kupovali
	Second	kupujete	ste kupovali	ste bili kupovali		boste kupovali	kupujte	bi kupovali	bi bili kupovali
	Third	kupujejo	so kupovali	so bili kupovali		bodo kupovali	naj kupujejo	bi kupovali	bi bili kupovali
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	kupujoč	kupujoča	kupujoče	kupujoča	kupujoči	kupujoči	kupujoči	kupujoče	kupujoča
	Past active I	kupoval	kupovala	kupovalo	kupovala	kupovali	kupovali	kupovali	kupovale	kupovala
	Past passive	kupovan	kupovana	kupovano	kupovana	kupovani	kupovani	kupovani	kupovane	kupovana
Gerunds	Present active	kupovaje			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	kupovati
	Past active II	--				Supine	kupovat

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class IV: dela- (to work/do)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	delam	sem delal	sem bil delal		bom delal	--	bi delal	bi bil delal
	Second	delaš	si delal	si bil delal		boš delal	delaj	bi delal	bi bil delal
	Third	dela	je delal	je bil delal		bo delal	naj dela	bi delal	bi bil delal
Dual	First	delava	sva delala	sva bila delala		bova delal	delajva	bi delala	bi bila delala
	Second	delata	sta delala	sta bila delala		bosta delala	delajta	bi delala	bi bila delala
	Third	delata	sta delala	sta bil delala		bosta delala	naj delata	bi delala	bi bila delala
Plural	First	delamo	smo delali	smo bili delali		bomo delali	delajmo	bi delali	bi bili delali
	Second	delate	ste delali	ste bili delali		boste delali	delajte	bi delali	bi bili delali
	Third	delajo	so delali	so bili delali		bodo delali	naj delajo	bi delali	bi bili delali
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	delajoč	delajoča	delajoče	delajoča	delajoči	delajoči	delajoči	delajoče	delajoča
	Past active I	delal	delala	delalo	delala	delali	delali	delali	delale	delala
	Past passive	zdelan	zdelana	zdelano	zdelana	zdelani	zdelani	zdelani	zdelane	zdelana
Gerunds	Present active	---			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	delati
	Past active II	predelavši				Supine	delat

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class V: želi- (to wish)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	želim	sem želel	sem bil želel		bom želel	--	bi želel	bi bil želel
	Second	želiš	si želel	si bil želel		boš želel	želi	bi želel	bi bil želel
	Third	želi	je želel	je bil želel		bo želel	naj želi	bi želel	bi bil želel
Dual	First	želiva	sva želela	sva bila želela		bova želel	želiva	bi želela	bi bila želela
	Second	želita	sta želela	sta bila želela		bosta želela	želita	bi želela	bi bila želela
	Third	želita	sta želela	sta bil želela		bosta želela	naj želita	bi želela	bi bila želela
Plural	First	želimo	smo želeli	smo bili želeli		bomo želeli	želimo	bi želeli	bi bili želeli
	Second	želite	ste želeli	ste bili želeli		boste želeli	želite	bi želeli	bi bili želeli
	Third	žele / želijo	so želeli	so bili želeli		bodo želeli	naj žele	bi želeli	bi bili želeli
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	želeč	želeča	želeče	želeča	želeči	želeči	želeči	želeče	želeča
	Past active I	želel	želela	želelo	želela	želeli	želeli	želeli	želele	želela
	Past passive	zaželen	zaželena	zaželeno	zaželena	zaželeni	zaželeni	zaželeni	zaželene	zaželena
Gerunds	Present active	žele			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	želeti
	Past active II	zaželevši				Supine	želet

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

The following is the conjugation of the athematic Slovene verbs: dati (to give), vedeti (to know), jesti (to eat), and biti (to be).

Class VI: Athematic verb dati (to give)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	dam	sem dal	sem bil dal		bom dal	--	bi dal	bi bil dal
	Second	daš	si dal	si bil dal		boš dal	daj	bi dal	bi bil dal
	Third	da	je dal	je bil dal		bo dal	naj da	bi dal	bi bil dal
Dual	First	dava	sva dala	sva bila dala		bova dal	dajva	bi dala	bi bila dala
	Second	dasta	sta dala	sta bila dala		bosta dala	dajta	bi dala	bi bila dala
	Third	dasta	sta dala	sta bil dala		bosta dala	naj data	bi dala	bi bila dala
Plural	First	damo	smo dali	smo bili dali		bomo dali	dajmo	bi dali	bi bili dali
	Second	daste	ste dali	ste bili dali		boste dali	dajte	bi dali	bi bili dali
	Third	dado / dajo	so dali	so bili dali		bodo dali	naj dado	bi dali	bi bili dali
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	---
	Past active I	dal	dala	dalo	dala	dali	dali	dali	dale	dala
	Past passive	dan	dana	dano	dana	dani	dani	dani	dane	dana
Gerunds	Present active	---			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	dati
	Past active II	podavši				Supine	dat

Class VI: Athematic verb vedeti (to know)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	vem	sem vedel	sem bil vedel		bom vedel	--	bi vedel	bi bil vedel
	Second	veš	si vedel	si bil vedel		boš vedel	vedi	bi vedel	bi bil vedel
	Third	ve	je vedel	je bil vedel		bo vedel	naj ve	bi vedel	bi bil vedel
Dual	First	veva	sva vedela	sva bila vedela		bova vedel	vediva	bi vedela	bi bila vedela
	Second	vesta	sta vedela	sta bila vedela		bosta vedela	vedita	bi vedela	bi bila vedela
	Third	vesta	sta vedela	sta bil vedela		bosta vedela	naj vesta	bi vedela	bi bila vedela
Plural	First	vemo	smo vedeli	smo bili vedeli		bomo vedeli	vedimo	bi vedeli	bi bili vedeli
	Second	veste	ste vedeli	ste bili vedeli		boste vedeli	vedite	bi vedeli	bi bili vedeli
	Third	vedo	so vedeli	so bili vedeli		bodo vedeli	naj vedo	bi vedeli	bi bili vedeli
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	vedoč	vedoča	vedoče	vedoča	vedoči	vedoči	vedoči	vedoče	vedoča
	Past active I	vedel	vedela	vedelo	vedela	vedeli	vedeli	vedeli	vedele	vedela
	Past passive	---
Gerunds	Present active	vede			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	vedeti
	Past active II	zvedevši				Supine	---

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class VI: Athematic verb jesti (to eat)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative^1	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	jem	sem jedel	sem bil jedel		bom jedel	--	bi jedel	bi bil jedl
	Second	ješ	si jedel	si bil jedel		boš jedel	jej	bi jedel	bi bil jedl
	Third	je	je jedel	je bil jedl		bo jedl	naj je	bi jedl	bi bil jedel
Dual	First	jeva	sva jedla	sva bila jedla		bova jedl	jejva	bi jedla	bi bila jedla
	Second	jesta	sta jedla	sta bila jedla		bosta jedla	jejta	bi jedla	bi bila jedla
	Third	jesta	sta jedla	sta bil jedla		bosta jedla	naj jeta	bi jedla	bi bila jedla
Plural	First	jemo	smo jedli	smo bili jedli		bomo jedli	jejmo	bi jedli	bi bili jedli
	Second	jeste	ste jedli	ste bili jedli		boste jedli	jejte	bi jedli	bi bili jedli
	Third	jejo / jedo	so jedli	so bili jedli		bodo jedli	naj jedo	bi jedli	bi bili jedli
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	---
	Past active I	jedel / jel	jedla / jela	jedlo / jelo	jedla / jela	jedli / jeli	jedli / jeli	jedli / jeli	jedle / jele	jedla / jela
	Past passive	pojeden	pojedena	pojedeno	pojedena	pojedeni	pojedeni	pojedeni	pojedene	pojedena
Gerunds	Present active	jede			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	jesti
	Past active II	pojevši				Supine	jest

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Class VI: Athematic verb biti (to be)

		Tenses
Number	Person	Present indicative	Past indicative^1	Pluperfect indicative^1		Future indicative	Imperative	Present conditional^1	Past conditional^1
Singular	First	sem	sem bil	sem bil bil		bom	--	bi bil	bi bil bil
	Second	si	si bil	si bil bil		boš	bodi	bi bil	bi bil bil
	Third	je	je bil	je bil bil		bo	naj je	bi bil	bi bil bil
Dual	First	sva	sva bila	sva bila bila		bova	bodiva	bi bila	bi bila bila
	Second	sta	sta bila	sta bila bila		bosta	bodita	bi bila	bi bila bila
	Third	sta	sta bila	sta bil bila		bosta	naj sta	bi bila	bi bila bila
Plural	First	smo	smo bili	smo bili bili		bomo	bodimo	bi bili	bi bili bili
	Second	ste	ste bili	ste bili bili		boste	bodite	bi bili	bi bili bili
	Third	so	so bili	so bili bili		bodo	naj so	bi bili	bi bili bili
Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns
		Singular			Dual			Plural
	Name	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Participles	Present active	prihodnji	prihodnja	prihodnje	prihodnja	prihodnji	prihodnji	prihodnji	prihodnje	prihodnja
	Past active I	bil	bila	bilo	bila	bili	bili	bili	bile	bila
	Past passive	---
Gerunds	Present active	---			Verbal nouns	Infinitive	biti
	Past active II	bivši				Supine	---

1. The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.

In the future, there also exist forms with an inserted -de between the stem bo- and the ending. For example, bodem for bom. The negative form of the verb, to not be, is formed by attaching ni to the present indicative forms.

References

• De Bray, R. G. A. Introduction to Slavonic Languages. London, 1951.

External links