Mass mobilization

Mass mobilization (also known as social mobilization or popular mobilization) refers to mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is often used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also become a tool of elites and the state itself. The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action.

Mass mobilization is defined as a process that engages and motivates a wide range of partners and allies at national and local levels to raise awareness of and demand for a particular development objective through face-to-face dialogue. Members of institutions, community networks, civic and religious groups and others work in a coordinated way to reach specific groups of people for dialogue with planned messages. In other words, social mobilization seeks to facilitate change through a range of players engaged in interrelated and complementary efforts.[1]

Government mass mobilization

Governments can utilize mass mobilization to provide national support for the causes they are working for. Many governments attempt to mobilize the population to participate in elections and other voting events. In particular, it is important for political parties in any country to be able to mobilize voters in order to gain support for their party, which affects voter turnout in general.[2]

Examples

Nazi Germany applied mass mobilization techniques to win support for their policies. The Nazi party mobilized the population with mass meetings, parades, and other gatherings. These events appealed to the people's emotions.[3]

North Korea frequently employs mass mobilization to convene its people to publicly express loyalty around important events and holidays. Mobilization is also used to acquire workforce for tasks such as construction, farm work, keeping public places clean, and urgent disaster relief. Mass mobilization is also used to acquire hard currency. Participating in mobilization campaigns is mandatory and failure to appear may result in penalties. However, for some, it is possible to bribe themselves out of the duty.[4]

Mass mobilization in social media

Social media and the Internet have made mass mobilization easier to organize and disseminate ideas. The Internet has grown in political importance, and has played a significant role in many mass mobilization efforts.[5]

Examples

DARPA Network Challenge

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Arab Spring

Main article: Arab Spring

The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests occurring in the Arab world that began on Saturday, 18 December 2010. To date, rulers have been forced from power in Tunisia,[6] Egypt,[7] Libya,[8] and Yemen;[9] civil uprisings have erupted in Bahrain[10] and Syria;[11] major protests have broken out in Algeria,[12] Iraq,[13] Jordan,[14] Kuwait,[15] Morocco,[16] and Oman;[17] and minor protests have occurred in Lebanon,[18] Mauritania, Saudi Arabia,[19] Sudan,[20] and Western Sahara.[21] Clashes at the borders of Israel in May 2011,[22] as well as protests by Arab minority in Iranian Khuzestan,[23] have also been inspired by the regional Arab Spring.

The protests have shared techniques of mostly civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, marches, rallies, as well as the use of social media to organize, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship.[24]

Nonviolence vs Violent Tactics

According to Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow, the mechanism that produces violence in the declining phase of the collective action cycle is a result of the competition that arises among different sectors of the social movement. Together they formed a theory stating that as mass mobilization winds down, political violence rises in magnitude and intensity.[25]

Examples

Italy

In his study of the wave of mass protests that took place in Italy between 1965 and 1975, Sidney Tarrow stated that “[i]n the final stages of the cycle, there was an increase in the deliberate use of violence against others. But this increase was a function of the decline of mass protest, not of its extension. Indeed, deliberate targeted violence did not become common until 1972-3, when all the other forms of collective action had declined.” All of which leads him to forcefully conclude that “[o]rganized violence was the product of demobilization.” [26] Donatella della Porta, in her comparative analysis of political violence and cycles of protest in Italy and Germany between 1960 and 1990, maintains that “when mass mobilization declined, the movements went back to more institutional forms of collective action, whereas small groups resorted to more organized forms of violence.” [27]

USSR

Mark R. Beissinger, in his study on cycles of protest and nationalist violence in the Soviet Union between 1987 and 1992, also detects this pattern, but in this case violence takes the form of ethnic communal conflict rather than terrorism. As he says, “the rise of violence in the USSR in significant part was associated with the decline of nonviolent mobilization contesting interrepublican borders.” [28]

Russia

During the 1870s, the “populists” or “nihilists”, the proponents of a Russian variant of anarchism, organized the so-called “pilgrimages to the people”, which involved small groups of members of the urban, petit bourgeois intelligentsia going into small villages to persuade peasants of the necessity of revolution. However, their efforts had little effect on the peasantry, and it was after this bitter experience that they made the momentous decision to adopt terrorist tactics.[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.unicef.org/cbsc/index_42347.html
  2. ↑ Winders, B. (1999). "The Roller Coaster of Class Conflict: Class Segments, Mass Mobilization, and Voter Turnout in the U.S., 1840-1996". Social Forces 77 (3): 833–862. doi:10.2307/3005963.
  3. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202210/fascism/219374/Mass-mobilization
  4. ↑ "A lifetime of mass mobilization in North Korea". NEW FOCUS International. August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  5. ↑ Best, Samuel J.; Krueger, Brian S. (June 2005). "Analyzing the representativeness of internet political participation". Political Behavior (Springer) 27 (2): 183–216. doi:10.1007/s11109-005-3242-y.
  6. ↑ "Tunisia's Ben Ali flees amid unrest". Al Jazeera. 15 January 2011.
  7. ↑ Peterson, Scott (11 February 2011). "Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  8. ↑ Spencer, Richard (23 February 2011). "Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  9. ↑ Bakri, Nada; Goodman, J. David (28 January 2011). "Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "Protester killed in Bahrain "Day of Rage"". Reuters. 14 February 2011.
  11. ↑ "'It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown". Der Spiegel. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  12. ↑ "Algeria protest draws thousands". CBC News. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  13. ↑ McCrummen, Stephanie (25 February 2011). "13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests". The Washington Post (Baghdad). Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  14. ↑ "Thousands protest in Jordan". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  15. ↑ "Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day". Middle East Online. 20 February 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  16. ↑ "Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt". Afrol. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  17. ↑ Vaidya, Sunil (27 February 2011). "One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly". Gulf News. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  18. ↑ "Lebanon: Protests against Sectarian Political System". Reuters Africa. Reuters. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  19. ↑ "Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "Sudan opposition leader arrested". Press TV. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  21. ↑ "New clashes in occupied Western Sahara". Afrol. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  22. ↑ Donnison, Jon (16 May 2011). "Palestinians emboldened by Arab Spring". BBC News (Ramallah). Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ "The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects". Miller-mccune.com. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  25. ↑ http://www.march.es/ceacs/proyectos/dtv/pdf/Terrorist%20Violence%20and%20Popular%20Mobilization%20P&S.pdf
  26. ↑ Sidney Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder. Protest and Politics in Italy 1965-1975 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 306, author’s italics.
  27. ↑ Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 53, author’s italics.
  28. ↑ Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 290.
  29. ↑ See Ronald Hingley, The Nihilists (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1967), Ch. 5;

External links

Further reading

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