Prunus × yedoensis

Prunus × yedoensis
Yoshino cherry tree in flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Cerasus
Species: P. × yedoensis
Binomial name
Prunus × yedoensis
Matsum.

Prunus × yedoensis, Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' or Yoshino cherry (Japanese: 染井吉野 Somei Yoshino) (synonym Cerasus × yedoensis) is a hybrid cherry of between Prunus speciosa (Oshima zakura) as father plant and Prunus pendula f. ascendens (Edo higan) as mother.[1][2] It occurs as a natural or artificial hybrid in Japan and is now one of the most popular and widely planted cultivated flowering cherries (sakura) in temperate climates worldwide.[3][4] It is a clone from a single tree and propagated by grafting to all over the world.[5][6]


Names

Yoshino cherry is initially believed to be native to Yoshino District, Nara. In 1900, Kimei Fujino gave Yoshino cherry a name Somei-yoshino after the famous place of cultivation Somei village (current day Toshima).[7] In 1901, Yoshino cherry was given a scientific name Prunus Yedoensis by Ninzo Matsumura.[8] However, after Ernest Henry Wilson suggested Yoshino cherry is a hybrid between Prunus subhirtella var. ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus lannesiana (Oshima zakura) in 1916,[9] Yoshino cherry became to be called Prunus × Yedoensis. As for the Korean native cherry called king cherry (왕벚나무) which was given a scientific name Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora by a German botanist Bernhard Adalbert Emil Koehne in 1912 continues to be called Prunus yedoensis.[10][11]

Yoshino cherry has no scientific cultivar name because it is the original cultivar of this hybrid species Prunus × edoensis. A new name, 'Somei-yoshino' is proposed in accordance with other cultivars of Prunus × edoensis.[12]

Description

Prunus × yedoensis is a small, deciduous tree that at maturity grows to be 5 to 12 metres (16–39 ft) (rarely 15 metres (49 ft)) tall. It grows well in hardiness zones 5–8 and does well in full sun and moist but well drained soil. The leaves are alternately arranged, 6 to 15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in) long and 4 to 7 centimetres (1.6–2.8 in) broad, with a serrated margin; they are often bronze-toned when newly emerged, becoming dark green by summer.

The flowers emerge before the leaves in early spring; they are fragrant, 3 to 3.5 centimetres (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter, with five white or pale pink petals. The flowers grow in clusters of five or six together.

The fruit, a small cherry, is a globose drupe 8 to 10 millimetres (0.31–0.39 in) in diameter; they are an important source of food for many small birds and mammals, including robins and thrushes. The fruit contain little flesh and much concentrated red juice, which can stain clothing and brick. The fruit is only marginally sweet to the human palate.[3][4]

Cultivation

Someiyoshino blossoms

Because of its fragrant, light pink flowers, manageable size, and elegant shape, the Yoshino cherry is often used as an ornamental tree. Many cultivars have been selected; notable examples include 'Akebono', 'Ivensii', and 'Shidare Yoshino'.[3]

From the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, gardeners and craftsman who made the village at Somei in Edo (now Komagome, Toshima ward, Tokyo) grew someiyoshino. They first offered them as Yoshinozakura, but in 1900, they were renamed someiyoshino by Dr. Fujino.[13] This is sometimes rendered as 'Somei-Yoshino'.

The Yoshino cherry was introduced to Europe and North America in 1902.[14] This tree, along with the cultivar Kwanzan (derived from the related Prunus serrulata), is responsible for the spectacular pink show each spring in Washington D.C. and other cities. Several of 2000 Japanese cherry trees given to the citizens of Toronto by the citizens of Tokyo in 1959 were planted in High Park.

Putative parental species

Most studies show that Yoshino cherry is a hybrid between Prunus speciosa (Oshima zakura) and Prunus pendula f. ascendens (Edo higan).

Origin debates

In 1908, a French missionary Taquet discovered a native cherry in Jeju islands, Korea and in 1912 a German botanist Koehne gave it a scientific name Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora.[20] Although this species called Eishu zakura is a variation of Yoshino cherry, from then it was misrepresented that Yoshino cherry was growing naturally in Jeju Island.[21]　In 1933, the Japanese botanist Gen'ichi Koizumi reported that Yoshino cherry originated on Jeju island, South Korea.[21] In 1962, Yo Takenaka ruled out the possibility of Korean origin by the morphological study.[15][22]　In 1995 DNA fingerprinting technology was used to conclude that Yoshino cherry grown in many parts of Japan under the name Prunus × yedoensis is indeed clonally propagated from the same hybrid offspring of Prunus lannesiana (Oshima zakura) and Prunus pendula (Edo higan),[17] which confirms the 1991 conclusion given by Iwasaki Fumio that Prunus × yedoensis originated around 1720–1735 by artificial crossing of these species in Edo (Tokyo).[23] Oshima zakura is an endemic species found only around Izu Islands, Izu and Bōsō Peninsulas not around Korean Peninsula.[24][25] In 2007, a study conducted on the comparison of Japanese Yoshino cherry and Korean king cherry concluded that the trees native to these two places can be categorized as distinct species.[11] However, in Korea, Korean native king cherry is still believed to be the same species as Japanese Yoshino cherry.[26]

Other cultivars

Prunus × yedoensis has many cultivars other than ‘Yedoensis’ (Somei-yoshino).[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Satoshi Ohta, Shinsuke Osumi, Toshio Katsuki, Ikuo Nakamura, Toshiya Yamamoto and Yo-Ichiro Sato (2006). "Genetic characterization of flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) using rpl16-rpl14 spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA". 園芸雑誌(J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.) 75 (1): 72–78. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  2. ↑ Online Resource 5. Inferences, from morphological classification and STRUCTURE analysis, on the origins of Japanese flowering cherry cultivars p.7 ‘Yedoensis’/染井吉野 (Cer194) 、STRUCTURE analysis (K = 11)、 Tree Genetics & Genomes Volume 10, Issue 3(2014) , pp 477-487、30 Jan. 2014、Supplementary Material (5) 11295_2014_697_MOESM5_ESM.pdf (318KB)
  3. 1 2 3 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  4. 1 2 Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  5. ↑ H. Innan, R.Terauchi, NT Miyashita, K Tsunewaki (1995). "DNA fingerprinting study on the intraspecific variation and the origin of Prunus yedoensis (Someiyoshino).". Japanese Journal of Genetics 70 (2): 185–196. doi:10.1266/jjg.70.185. PMID 7605671.
  6. ↑ Iketani, H.; et al. (2007). "Analyses of clonal status in 'Somei-yoshino' and confirmation of geneaogical record in other cultivars of Prunus ×yedoensis by microsatellite markers". Breeding Science 57: 1–6.
  7. ↑ Fujino author=藤野寄命, Kimei (1900). "上野公園桜花の性質" [Characteristics of flowering cherry in Ueno Park]. 日本園芸会雑誌 [Journal of Japan Horticulture Society] (in Japanese) (日本園芸会 [Japan Horticulture Society]) 92: 1–19.
  8. ↑ Matsumura, Ninzo (1901). "Cerasi Japonicæ duæ Species novæ". Botanical Magazine, Tokyo (Shokubutsugaku Zasshi) (in Latin) (The Botanical Society of Japan) 15: 99–101.
  9. 1 2 Wilson, E. H. (1916). "The Cherries of Japan". Publications of the Arnold Arboretum (Harvard University Press) (7): 16.
  10. ↑ Koehne, Von E. (1912). "95 Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora, nov. var.". Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis (Herausgebers) 10: 507.
  11. 1 2 Roh, M.S., Cheong, E.J., Choi, I-Y and Young, Y.H. (2007). "Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA.". Scientia Horticulturae 114 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/J.scientia2007.06.005. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  12. ↑ Iketani, Hiroyuki; et al. (April 2006). "Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino', a Correct Cultivar Name for Yoshino Cherry". The Journal of Japanese Botany (Tsumura & Co.) 83 (2): 123–125.
  13. ↑ 染井吉野 (in Japanese). 語源由来辞典. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  14. ↑ Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6
  15. 1 2 Takenaka, Yo (1963). "The Origin of the Yoshino cherry tree". Journal of Heredity 54: 207－211. I visited the (Quelpart) island in 1933 and observed that the tree, which was growing wild, showed differences from P. yedoensis; the hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter. I concluded that it could not be P. yedoensis. I assumed that it might be a hybrid between P. subhirtella var. pendula form ascendens (Edo-higan) and P. quelpartensis (Tanna-Yamazakura; perhaps a form of P. verecunda) or some other cherry species
  16. ↑ Kaneko, Takafumi (1986). "Studies on the origin of crop species by restriction endonuclease analysis of organellar DNA. II. Restriction analysis of ctDNA of 11 Prunus species". The Japanese Journal of Genetics 61 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1266/jjg.61.157.
  17. 1 2 H. Innan, R.Terauchi, NT Miyashita, K Tsunewaki (1995). "DNA fingerprinting study on the intraspecific variation and the origin of Prunus yedoensis (Someiyoshino).". Japanese Journal of Genetics 70 (2): 185–196. doi:10.1266/jjg.70.185. PMID 7605671.
  18. 1 2 Kato, Shuri; et al. (June 2014). "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers" (PDF). Tree Genetics & Genomes 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. Online Resource 5
  19. ↑ Nakamura, Ikuo; et al. (2015). "Origin of Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' based on sequence analysis of PolA1 gene". Advances in Horticultural Science 29 (1): 17–23.
  20. ↑ Koehne, Von E. (1912). "95 Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora, nov. var.". Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis (Herausgebers) 10: 507.
  21. 1 2 Koidzumi, Gen-ichi (June 1932). "雑録 – 染井吉野桜の天生地分明かす" [Adversaria – Prunas yedoensis MATSUM. is a native of Quelpaert!]. 植物分類・地理 [Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica] (in Japanese) (植物分類地理學會 [The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics]) 1 (2): 177–179. ...此時以來ソメヰヨシノザクラは濟州島に自生すと誤り傳へられ,... ... されば現今ソメヰヨシノザクラの原産地は濟州島なり。...
  22. ↑ Iketani, Hiroyuki; et al. (2007). "Analyses of Clonal Status in ‘Somei-yoshino’ and Confirmation of Genealogical Record in Other Cultivars of Prunus × yedoensis by Microsatellite Markers" (PDF). Breeding Science 57: 1–6. natural hybridization either in the Izu peninsula, on Izu-oshima Island or on Cheju-do Island in Korea, although the possibility of the latter location was ruled out by Takenaka (1962)
  23. ↑ ソメイヨシノとその近縁種の野生状態とソメイヨシノの発生地. 筑波大農林研報 (1991), 3:95–110.
  24. ↑ Nakamura, Ikuo; et al. (2014). "Diversity and breeding of flowering cherry in Japan". Advances in Horticultural Science 28 (4): 236–143. While Edohigan is distributed in most areas of Japan, Oshimazakura (of the Yamazakura group) is an endemic species found around the Izu and Boso Peninsulas.
  25. ↑ Kato, Shuri (2011). "Genetic structure of island populations of Prunus lannesiana var. speciosa revealed by chloroplast DNA, AFLP and nuclear SSR loci analyses". Journal of Plant Research 124 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1007/s10265-010-0352-3. The wild flowering cherry Prunus lannesiana var. speciosa is highly geographically restricted, being confined to the Izu Islands and neighboring peninsulas in Japan
  26. ↑ "[취재후] 꽃의 전쟁…벚꽃의 원산지는?" [Flower war...Origin of Cherry tree?] (in Korean). KBS. April 11, 2014.
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