CTrain

This article is about the Calgary, Alberta light rail system. For the New York City Subway service, see C (New York City Subway service). For other uses, see C Train (disambiguation).
CTrain
Overview
Locale Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Transit type Light rail (details)
Number of lines 2 (201 & 202)
Number of stations 45[1][2]
Daily ridership 333,800 (Q1 2015)[3]
Operation
Began operation May 25, 1981[4]
Operator(s) Calgary Transit
Train length 3 cars; 4 being phased in
Technical
System length 59.9 km (37.2 mi)[1]
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
(standard gauge)
Electrification Overhead lines, 600 V DC[5]

CTrain is a light rail transit system in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It began operation in May 25, 1981 and has expanded as the city has increased in population.[4] The system is operated by Calgary Transit, as part of the Calgary municipal government's transportation department.[6] It is now one of the busiest light rail transit systems in North America, with over 300,000 daily riders, and has been growing steadily in recent years. About 45% of workers in downtown Calgary take the CTrain to work.

Operations

The CTrain system has two routes, which have been designated Route 201 - the Red line, and Route 202 - the Blue line. they have a combined route length of 59.9 kilometres (37.2 mi).[1] Much of the South leg of the system shares the right of way of the Canadian Pacific Railway and there is a connection from the light rail track to the CPR line via a track switch near Heritage Station.

The longer route (Route 201; 35 km long) serves the southern and northwestern areas of the city. The shorter route (Route 202; 25.7 km long) serves the northeastern and western sections of the city.[7] Most track is at grade, with its own right-of-way. The downtown portion is a shared right-of-way, serving both routes along the 7th Avenue South transit mall at street level. This portion is a zero-fare zone and serves as a downtown people mover. The tracks split at the east and west ends of downtown into lines leading to the south, northeast, west and northwest residential neighbourhoods of Calgary. Six percent of the system is underground, and seven percent is grade-separated (elevated).[7] Trains are powered by overhead electric wires, using pantographs to draw power.

In the first quarter of 2015, the CTrain system had an average of 333,800 unlinked passenger trips per weekday, making it the busiest light rail system in North America.[3][8][9] In 2007, 45% of the people working in downtown Calgary took transit to work; the city's objective is to increase that to 60%.[10]

History

The idea of rail transit in Calgary originated in a 1967 Calgary transportation study, which recommended a two-line metro system to enter service in 1978. The original plans had called for two lines:

A fourth line, a north central line running from downtown to Thorncliffe mostly along Centre Street was also envisioned, but was thought to be beyond the scope of the study.

However, a building boom in the 1970s had caused the heavy rail concept to fall out of favour due to the increased costs of construction, with light rail as its replacement. LRT was chosen over dedicated busways and the expansion of the Blue Arrow bus service (a service similar to bus rapid transit today) because light rail has lower long-term operating costs and to address traffic congestion problems. The Blue Arrow service all but disappeared in 2000.

The present-day CTrain originated in a 1975 plan, calling for construction of a single line, from the downtown core (8 Street station) to Anderson Road (the present-day Anderson station). The plan was approved by City Council in May 1977, with construction of what would become the LRT's "South Line" beginning one month later. The South Line opened on May 25, 1981.

Though the South Line was planned to extend to the northwest, political pressures led to the commission of the "Northeast Line", running from Whitehorn station (at 36 Street NE and 39 Avenue NE) to the downtown core, with a new downtown terminal station for both lines at 10 Street SW, which opened on April 27, 1985.

The "Northwest Line", the extension of the South Line to the city's northwest, was opened on September 17, 1987, in time for the 1988 Winter Olympics. This line ran from the downtown core to University station, next to the University of Calgary campus. Since then, all three lines have been extended incrementally, with most of the stations commissioned and built in the 2000s (with the exception of Brentwood which opened in 1990, three years after the original Northwest line opened):

August 31, 1990 Brentwood station Northwest Line
October 9, 2001 Canyon Meadows station
Fish Creek-Lacombe station 		South Line
December 15, 2003 Dalhousie station Northwest Line
June 28, 2004 Shawnessy station
Somerset-Bridlewood station 		South Line
December 17, 2007 McKnight-Westwinds station Northeast Line
June 15, 2009 Crowfoot station Northwest Line
August 27, 2012 Martindale station
Saddletowne station 		Northeast Line
August 25, 2014 Tuscany station Northwest Line

The West Line, the extension of the Northeast Line, opened for revenue service on December 10, 2012 as the first new line to open in 25 years. The line runs for 8.2 km from Downtown West – Kerby station on 7 Avenue at 11 Street SW at the west end of Downtown, westward to 69 Street station located at the intersection of 17 Avenue and 69 Street SW.

Rolling stock

Fleet numbers Total Type Year Ordered Origins Notes
2001–2083/2101-2102 85 Siemens–Duewag U2 1979–1985/1989 Düsseldorf, Germany 2101-2102 are AC Units
2201–2272 72 Siemens SD-160 Series 5/6/7 2001–2006 Sacremento, California Refurbished 2009-2010
2301–2338 38 Siemens SD-160NG Series 8 2007 Sacremento, California
2401-2463 63 Siemens S200 2013 Sacremento, California January 2016

The system initially used Siemens-Duewag U2 DC LRVs (originally designed for German metros, and used by the Frankfurt U-Bahn, the earlier Edmonton Light Rail Transit, and the later San Diego Trolley. The Edmonton, Calgary, and San Diego systems were built around the same time and used the same commercial off-the-shelf German LRVs rather than custom-designed vehicles such as were used on the Toronto streetcar system and the Vancouver Skytrain. U2 vehicles constituted the entire fleet in Calgary until July 2001, when the first Siemens SD-160 cars were delivered.[7] A total of 83 U2 DCs have been delivered to Calgary over three separate orders; 27 in 1981, 3 in 1983, and 53 in 1984 and are numbered 2001 – 2083. Today, 80 out of 83 U2 DCs remain in service. The following have been retired:

Somerset–Bridlewood station on the south C-Train line.

In 1988, the Alberta Government purchased from Siemens two U2 AC units, the first of their kind in North America, for trials on both the Edmonton and Calgary LRT systems. The cars were originally numbered 3001 and 3002 and served in Edmonton from 1988 to Spring 1990. These LRVs came to Calgary in the summer of 1990 and in September, Calgary Transit decided to purchase the cars from the Province and then applied the CT livery to the cars (they were previously plain white in both Edmonton and Calgary). They retained their original fleet numbers of 3001 and 3002 until 1999, when CT renumbered the cars 2101 and 2102. Initially, these two cars were only run together as a two-car consist as they were incompatible with the U2 DCs. In 2003, Calgary Transit made the two U2 ACs compatible as slave cars between two SD160s and have been running them like this ever since.

Interior of the Siemens SD-160 operated by Calgary Transit

In July 2001, Calgary Transit brought the first of 15 new SD160 LRVs into service to accommodate the South LRT Extension Phase I and increased capacity. Throughout 2003, another 17 SD160 LRVs were introduced into the fleet to accommodate the NW Extension to Dalhousie as well as the South LRT Extension Phase II. However, demand for light rail has exploded in recent years. In the decade prior to 2006, the city's population grew by 25% to over 1 million people, while ridership on the CTrain grew at twice that rate, by 50% in only 10 years. This resulted in severe overcrowding on the trains and demands for better service.[11] In December 2004, city council approved an order for 33 additional SD-160 vehicles from Siemens to not only address overcrowding, but to accommodate the NE extension to McKnight–Westwinds and the NW extension to Crowfoot. These new SD160s started to enter service in November 2006. In December 2006, CT extended the order by seven cars to a total of 40 cars, which had all been delivered by the spring of 2008. There are now a total of 72 first-generation SD 160s numbered 2201 – 2272.

In November 2007 city council approved purchasing another 38 SD-160 Series 8 LRVs to be used in conjunction with the West LRT extension (2012) and further expansions to the NE (Saddletowne 2012) and NW legs (Tuscany 2014). These are new-generation train cars with lots of upgraded features over the original SD160s. These units started to enter service in December 2010 and are numbered 2301 – 2338. As of May 2012, all have entered revenue service and Calgary's LRV roster now numbers 192.

In September 2013, Calgary Transit unveiled an order for 63 S200 LRVs in order to provide enough cars to run four-car trains, and to retire some of its Siemens-Duewag U2s, which are nearing the end of their useful lifespans. Deliveries for these new cars will begin in August 2015 and will continue until December 2016.[12]

Work cars

Facts

In 2001, the CTrain became the first public transit system in Canada to claim all of its electricity from emissions-free wind power generation. The electricity is generated by Enmax operating in the southern Alberta.[13][14] The trains are powered from the same power grid as before; however, an equivalent amount of electricity is produced at the southern wind farms and "dedicated" to the CTrain. Under Alberta's deregulated market for electricity, large consumers can contract to purchase their electricity from a specific vendor.

On February 18, 2009, Calgary Transit announced that the C-Train had carried one billion riders in the 28 years since the start of service on May 25, 1981.[15] The trains were now carrying over 269,600 passengers every day, higher than any other light rail system in Canada or the United States. Mayor Dave Bronconnier stated that more vehicles were on order to deal with crowding, the northeast and the northwest legs were being extended, and construction of the new west leg was due to start later in the year.[16]

In the following section preliminary timelines for construction of future stations are referenced. For example, construction of a north CTrain line is not expected until after 2023. The city has, on several occasions, accelerated construction of CTrain expansion due to demand and available money. For example, the McKnight–Westwinds station, which opened in 2007, was, as recently as 2002, not planned until beyond 2010. Similarly, the timeline of construction of the south line extension was also pushed up several years due to increasing population and traffic volume. There are plans to develop new routes into the centre north and the southeast of the city.

In 2010, the CCTV Security Camera network was replaced with new, state of the art, IP based cameras along with a new 10GB Fiber-optic network ring to each leg of the LRT line. The project was completed by Contava Inc and will be upgraded as new stations and technology become available.

A ticket purchased from a C-Train station.

Fares

Rides taken solely within the downtown are free. This is known as the 7th Avenue Free Fare Zone and encompasses all CTrain stations along 7th Avenue.[17]

Route details

Calgary Light Rail System Map

There are two major routes in operation: Route 201 running from the far southern to the far northwestern suburbs of Calgary (Somerset/Bridlewood–Tuscany) which has been designated the Red Line, and Route 202 running from the northeastern to the western suburbs (Saddletowne–69 Street SW) which has been designated the Blue Line. The routes merge and share common tracks on the 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) downtown transit mall on 7th Avenue South, which also allows buses and emergency vehicles.[7]

Downtown Transit Mall

As part of the construction of the original Route 201 South line, nine single-platform stations were built along the 7th Avenue South transit mall, which formed the 7th Avenue free fare zone. All nine stations opened May 25, 1981 along with the original South Line. The tracks run at grade in a semi-exclusive right of way, shared with buses, city and emergency vehicles. This is a free-fare zone intended to act as a downtown people mover. Fares are only required after trains exit the downtown core.

Westbound stations used to consist of Olympic Plaza (formerly 1 Street E, renamed in 1987), 1 Street W, 4 Street W, and 7 Street W. Eastbound stations consisted of 8 Street W, 6 Street W, 3 Street W, Centre Street and City Hall (formerly 2 Street E, renamed in 1987).

When the Northeast leg opened on April 27, 1985, two stations were added: 3 Street E serving Westbound 202 trains only and 10 Street W, a centre-loading platform, which served as the terminus of both Route 201 and 202, until the Northwest leg opened in 1987, after which it was the terminus for route 202 only.

As part of Calgary's refurbishment project,[18] 3 Street E and Olympic Plaza stations have been decommissioned and replaced by the new gateway[19] City Hall station in 2011. 10 Street W was decommissioned and replaced with the Downtown West – Kerby (formerly called 11 Street W) station in 2012.[20]

Downtown station refurbishment

In June 2007, the City of Calgary released information on the schedule for the refurbishment of the remaining original downtown stations.[21] The plan involved replacing and relocating most stations, and expanding Centre Street station which was relocated one block east (adjacent to the Telus Convention Centre) in 2000, to board four-car trains. The new stations have retained their existing names (with the exception of 10 Street W becoming Downtown West – Kerby in 2012); however, they may be shifted one block east or west, or to the opposite side of 7th Avenue. The refurbishment project was completed on December 8, 2012, when the Downtown West – Kerby station was opened to the public in conjunction with the West LRT opening event.[22]

This required that the stations be closed during demolition and reconstruction. The new stations feature longer platforms for longer trains, better integration of the platforms into the sidewalk system, better lighting, and more attractive landscaping and street furniture. This project was shortlisted[25] for the New/Old category in the 2012 World Architecture Festival in Singapore.[26]

Route 201 - Red Line

This route comprises two legs connected by the downtown transit mall: the South leg (17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi)) and the Northwest leg (15.7 kilometres (9.8 mi)). There are eleven stations on the South leg and nine on the Northwest leg. Total length of the line: 33 kilometres (21 mi).[7]

South leg

This was the first leg of the system to be built. Seven stations on this leg opened on May 25, 1981, as the first light railway line to serve the city. From north to south, they are Victoria Park/Stampede (renamed from Stampede in 1995), Erlton/Stampede (renamed from Erlton in 1995), 39 Avenue (renamed from 42 Avenue in 1986), Chinook, Heritage (also the site of the Haysboro LRT Storage Facility), Southland, and Anderson (also the site of the Anderson LRT Yards). The original South line was 10.9 km long. On October 9, 2001, the line was extended south 3.4 km and two new stations were added: Canyon Meadows and Fish Creek–Lacombe, as part of the South LRT Extension Phase I. On June 28, 2004, Phase II opened adding 3 km of track and two more stations: Shawnessy and Somerset–Bridlewood. A further three stations – Silverado (most likely in the area of 194th Avenue SW), 212th Avenue South, and Pine Creek (in the area around 228th Avenue SW) – are planned once the communities adjacent to their location are developed, likely beyond 2020.[27]

In the 2012 RouteAhead[28] report, the extension of the South Line to 210th Avenue is considered to be a medium-term priority as communities adjacent to that area are constructed. With an estimated cost of $180 million and an estimated annual operating cost of $7 million the 3.5 km extension is estimated to serve 8 million passenger rides annually.

Northwest leg

This was the third leg of the system to be built. Five stations on this leg opened on September 7, 1987. From the most central to the most northwesterly, they are Sunnyside, SAIT/ACAD/Jubilee (the station name in full is "Southern Alberta Institute of Technology/Alberta College of Art and Design/Jubilee Auditorium"), Lions Park, Banff Trail, and University. The original Northwest leg was 5.6 km long. On August 31, 1990, the line was extended 1 km and Brentwood station was opened as the new terminus. On December 15, 2003, the line was extended 3 km again and Dalhousie station was opened. On June 15, 2009, the line was extended 3.6 km and Crowfoot (formerly Crowfoot-Centennial) was opened. It was extended further by 2.5 km to Tuscany Station on August 25, 2014.[29][30][31]

Route 202 - Blue Line

This route is composed of two legs connected by the downtown transit mall: the Northeast leg (15.5 kilometres (9.6 mi)) and the newer West leg (8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi)). The Northeast leg has ten stations and the West leg has six stations. Total length of this route: 25.7 kilometres (16.0 mi).[7]

Northeast leg

This was the second leg of the system to be built. Seven stations opened on April 27, 1985, from downtown to the northeast. They are: Bridgeland/Memorial, Zoo, Barlow/Max Bell, Franklin, Marlborough, Rundle, and Whitehorn. The original Northeast line was 9.8 km long. On December 17, 2007, the line was extended 2.8 km further north to an eighth station – McKnight–Westwinds. On August 27, 2012, another 2.9 km extension of track opened and added two more stations – Martindale and Saddletowne.[30][32][33] Additional stations are proposed for development, likely beyond 2023, at 96th Avenue, Country Hills Boulevard, 128th Avenue (north of Skyview Ranch) and Stoney Trail (in the Stonegate Landing development),[32] as those areas are developed for future LRT infrastructure.[34]

West leg

This was the fourth leg of the system to be built, although it was included in the original plans for the system.[35] It was built last because it was anticipated to have lower ridership and higher construction costs than the previous legs. Construction of the 8.2 kilometre[36] (5 mile) leg began in 2009. It opened on December 10, 2012.[37]

The City of Calgary began a review process in late 2006 to update the plans to current standards, and Calgary City Council gave final approval to the project[38] and allocated the required $566-million project funding on November 20, 2007.[30] Funding for the project was sourced from the infrastructure fund that was created when the Province of Alberta returned the education tax portion of property taxes to the city. Construction of this leg began in 2009. It was constructed at the same time as further extensions of the NE and NW lines of the LRT system that were approved in November 2007.

West LRT construction over Bow Trail

The West LRT leg[39] has six stations (from east to west): Sunalta (near 16th Street SW), Shaganappi Point, Westbrook, 45 Street Southwest (Westgate), Sirocco, and 69 Street Southwest (west of 69th Street near Westside Recreation Centre).

The updated alignment from the 2007 West LRT Report[32] includes the line running on an elevated guideway beginning west of the Downtown West – Kerby Station, running along the CPR right of way to Bow Trail SW, and then to 24th Street SW. The line then runs at grade past Shaganappi Point Station and drops into a tunnel to 33rd Street SW. The tunnel then runs under the Westbrook Mall parking lot, and the former site of the now-demolished Ernest Manning Senior High School. The line then follows the north side of 17th Avenue SW past 37th Street SW below grade to 45 Street Station. Past 45th Street the line runs at grade, and approaching Sarcee Trail SW moves onto an elevated guideway that passes over the freeway. The line then runs at grade to Sirocco Station, then proceeds to drop below grade and pass under eastbound 17th Avenue SW at 69th Street SW and return to grade on the south side of the avenue. The line then terminates at 69 Street Station located to the west of 69th Street SW.[40]

Three of the new West leg stations are located at grade. Westbrook, 45 Street SW,[41] and 69 Street SW stations are located below grade, while Sunalta is an elevated station.[42] On October 5, 2009, the city council announced approval of a plan to put a portion of the West leg into a trench at 45th Street and 17th Avenue SW, a move welcomed by advocates who fought to have it run underground. The change cost an estimated $61 million; however, lower-than-expected construction costs were expected to absorb much of the change.

The cost for the project is, however, over budget by at least C$35 million[43] and the overall cost could be more than C$1.46 billion because of soaring costs of land used and the integration of public art into the project.[44][45][46] The public art aspect of the project was neglected in its initial form. Because City Hall regulations for big construction projects require incorporation of public art, City Hall had to find the money. Therefore, the West LRT project cost C$8.6 million more than expected.[47][48]

On October 29, 2009 city council announced that the contract to construct the West LRT had been awarded to a consortium led by SNC Lavalin.[49]

Future extension of the West leg to Aspen Woods Station (around 17th Avenue and 85th Street SW) has been planned, and future extensions further west to 101st Street SW may be added as new communities adjacent to 17th Avenue SW are built.[40]

On May 15, 2012, testing of the leg began with two LRT cars. As the construction of the leg moved towards completion, four LRT cars were used, until revenue service began on December 10, 2012.[50][51][52][53]

Future lines

For Route 201, in its 30-year RouteAhead plan, the South line may be extended another 3.5 km to a possible 210 Avenue SW station.[54] For Route 202, from the same plan, there are more possible extensions to the northeast to either the Calgary International Airport (via a spur line),[55] or to 128 Avenue NE, or to have both.[56]

There are plans to build an additional line to the southeast from the city centre. Calgary Transit has drafted a plan for a transit-only right-of-way, known as the SETWAY (South East Transit Way) for the interim.[57] A second, northern line is to be planned beyond 2023 but the alignment is still pending.

As for a possible underground leg in downtown (under 8 Avenue South), the cost of the project will be at least C$800 million (in 2012 dollars), but its priority has been lowered because there is no funding available for it. However, the overall cost of this and other projects could be at least C$8 billion.[55][56]

Route 203 - Green Line

This proposed future route would cross the downtown core at right angles to the downtown transit mall and connect two new legs: the Southeast leg and the North-Central leg. It would exceed the capacity of the downtown transit mall, requiring that it use a new right of way going over or under the existing transit mall. Elevated tracks would conflict with Calgary's downtown +15 system, which is the most extensive pedestrian skywalk system in the world, so this option is unlikely. Most likely the system will go underground, crossing underneath the future downtown subway, which already has a short section of tunnel built under 8th Avenue S and a ghost station under the Calgary Municipal Building.The exact routes and station locations are currently in the planning stages.[58]

The City of Calgary has already committed a third of the money for the Green Line, and the federal government has promised an additional third, but provincial funding for the remaining third of the project must be secured by October 2016, or construction of the Green Line might have to be broken up into stages. [59]

North leg

This leg of the Green Line would serve the residential communities of Country Hills, Coventry Hills, Harvest Hills, Panorama Hills, and other communities, possibly in the future extending as far as the nearby City of Airdrie. The Green Line North, as it has been re-designated, will be a mix of grade level and underground infrastructure extending north from the downtown core along Centre Street North.

In July 2015, the Canadian federal government committed to put $1.5 billion into funding the Green Line LRT or one-third of the project's $4.6 billion cost.[60] Discussions between the city of Calgary and the province continue with the goal of building the new light rail line instead of developing a BRT system as an interim measure.

In January, 2015, Calgary City Council approved the Green Line North (formerly known as North Central LRT), setting Centre Street N. as the route. In December, 2015 Council approved the planning report on Green Line funding, staging, and delivery. The North leg is expected to be the first section of the Green Line to be built. Actual completion dates will depend on delivery of promised federal and provincial government funding.[61]

Southeast leg

This leg is planned to run from downtown (although on a different routing, not following the 7th Avenue corridor) to the communities of Douglasdale and McKenzie Lake and McKenzie Towne in the southeast, and onwards past Highway 22X into the so-called "Homesteads" region east of the Deerfoot Trail extension.

Eighteen stations have been planned for this route and the project is expected to be completely built by 2039.[62]

Three of the proposed downtown stations are expected to be built underground,[63] and the rest of the line will follow the 52 Street SE corridor from Douglasdale and McKenzie Towne to Auburn Bay (south of Highway 22X) and then wind its way through Health Campus (adjacent to the southeast hospital) and Seton. Unlike Routes 201 and 202, which use high-floor U2 and SD-160 LRVs, the eastern route is expected to employ low-floor LRVs,[64] such as the Bombardier Flexity Freedom or the Siemens S70.

From north to south, the proposed stations are: Eau Claire, Central (at 6 Avenue), Macleod Trail, 4 Street SE, Ramsay/Inglewood, Crossroads, Highfield, Lynnwood, Ogden, South Hill, Quarry Park, Douglasglen, Shepard, Prestwick, McKenzie Towne, Auburn Bay/Mahogany (at 52nd Street), Health Campus/Seton (the station likely will share the name of the hospital and expected to be completed by 2039),[62] with further stations to the south expected in the future.[65][66]

Construction of the South East LRT would cost over C$2.7 billion over 27 years.[62] Because there was no funding available, the city laid out plans to build a transit way for the South East BRT known as SETWAY. Open houses to explore the idea of a transit way for the South East occurred in the South East communities of Ramsay, Riverbend and McKenzie Towne in January 2012. Between 1999 and 2006 Calgary Transit conducted studies for the South East LRT to find ways to make improvements of overall transit use in the South East for short term while having LRT being the long-term goal.[57]

Spur line to Calgary International Airport

As part of the C$8 billion, 30-year RouteAhead plan, there is a plan to connect downtown Calgary with Calgary International Airport via a higher order transit connection, which may take an initial form as a Route 202 spur line.[55][56] The Airport Trail tunnel was built with room to accommodate a future two-track CTrain right-of-way. This project was opened on May 25, 2014.[67]

Other future improvements

Calgary Transit operates three-car trains. The fourteen newest stations — Tuscany, Crowfoot, Dalhousie, Saddletowne, Martindale, McKnight–Westwinds, Shawnessy, Somerset–Bridlewood, Sunalta, Shaganappi Point, Westbrook, 45 Street, Sirocco, and 69 Street — have all been built with 4-car platforms. As part of the 7 Avenue Refurbishment Project, Downtown West – Kerby, 8 Street W, 7 Street W, 6 Street W, 4 Street W, 3 Street W, 1 Street W, Centre Street and City Hall stations now have 4-car platforms. It is planned to expand the original stations outside of downtown to support four car trains. As of May 2015, all CTrain stations have been extended to 4-car capacity.[68][69]

By 2023, Calgary Transit also plans to begin decommissioning some of the original Siemens-Duewag U2s (as of 2010 80 of the original 83 were in use, and nearing 29 years of service, by 2023 they will be 42 years old). Additional LRVs have been added to the system to accommodate growth, including 72 Siemens SD160 LRVs as of late 2008, with an additional 38 ordered in conjunction with the NW and NE LRT extensions, and the West LRT, which was completed in 2012. Calgary Transit has also ordered 60 new Siemens S200 LRV cars to replace some existing U2s.[70][71]

Further underground infrastructure

In addition to numerous tunnels to allow trains to pass under roadways, geographic features, and mainline railways, there are other notable underground portions of Calgary's CTrain system.

Part of the system through downtown is planned to be transferred underground when needed to maintain reliable service. Given this, portions of the needed infrastructure have been built as adjacent and associated land was developed.[72] As a result of this original plan, when the City of Calgary built a new Municipal Building, it built a short section of tunnel to connect the existing CPR tunnel to the future tunnel under 8th Avenue S. The turnoff to this station is visible in the tunnel on Route 201 entering downtown from the south, shortly before City Hall. However, after urban explorers discovered the tunnel and visited it during a transit strike, the city walled off the spur tunnel with concrete blocks.

As the population of metropolitan Calgary increases and growing suburbs require new lines and extensions, the higher train volumes will exceed the ability of the downtown section along 7th Avenue S to accommodate them. To provide for long-term expansion, the city is reviewing its plans to put parts of the downtown section underground. The current plans allow the expanded Route 202 (Northeast/West) to use the existing 7th Avenue S surface infrastructure. The expanded Route 201 (Northwest/South), now sharing 7th Avenue S with Route 202, will be relocated to a new tunnel dug beneath 8th Avenue S. The future Southeast/Downtown route will probably enter downtown through a shorter tunnel under one or more streets (candidates include 2nd Street W, 5th Street W, 6th Street W, 8th Avenue S, 10th Avenue S, 11th Avenue S, and 12th Avenue S). The future North line will probably share track from the Zoo station through downtown with the existing Northeast line (Route 202), avoiding the cost of a tunnel until passenger volumes grow.[65] Although Calgary City Council commissioned a functional study for the downtown metro component of the CTrain system in November 2007, the city is unlikely to complete this expansion before 2017 unless additional funding is received from provincial or federal governments. The cost of bringing the potential underground leg under 8 Avenue South could be at least C$800 million, according to Calgary Transit's 30-year RouteAhead plan.[55][56]

List of CTrain stations

The typical CTrain station outside the downtown core allows for several methods of passenger arrival and departure. Many CTrain passengers travel to and from suburban stations on feeder bus routes that wind their way through surrounding neighbourhoods. Another popular option is a Park and Ride lot, in which commuters drive to a station by car and then transfer to a CTrain to complete their journey. Alternatively, some CTrain passengers disembark at drop-off zones from vehicles travelling elsewhere; because many of these commuters are conveyed by their spouses, these zones are branded as Kiss and Ride areas.

Route 201 - Red line

Station Route Area Open Location
Tuscany Route 201 NW 2014 51°08′07″N 114°14′15″W / 51.13528°N 114.23750°W / 51.13528; -114.23750 (Tuscany-Rocky Ridge)
Crowfoot Route 201 NW 2009 51°07′21″N 114°12′24″W / 51.12250°N 114.20667°W / 51.12250; -114.20667 (Crowfoot)
Dalhousie Route 201 NW 2003 51°06′12″N 114°09′39″W / 51.10333°N 114.16083°W / 51.10333; -114.16083 (Dalhousie)
Brentwood Route 201 NW 1990 51°05′15″N 114°07′56″W / 51.08750°N 114.13222°W / 51.08750; -114.13222 (Brentwood)
University Route 201 NW 1987 51°04′49″N 114°07′23″W / 51.08028°N 114.12306°W / 51.08028; -114.12306 (University)
Banff Trail Route 201 NW 1987 51°04′15″N 114°06′55″W / 51.07083°N 114.11528°W / 51.07083; -114.11528 (Banff Trail)
Lions Park Route 201 NW 1987 51°03′54″N 114°06′12″W / 51.06500°N 114.10333°W / 51.06500; -114.10333 (Lions Park)
SAIT/ACAD/Jubilee Route 201 NW 1987 51°03′47″N 114°05′28″W / 51.06306°N 114.09111°W / 51.06306; -114.09111 (SAIT)
Sunnyside Route 201 NW 1987 51°03′21″N 114°05′03″W / 51.05583°N 114.08417°W / 51.05583; -114.08417 (Sunnyside)
8th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′49″N 114°04′52″W / 51.04694°N 114.08111°W / 51.04694; -114.08111 (8th St.)
6th/7th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°04′30″W / 51.04667°N 114.07500°W / 51.04667; -114.07500 (7 Street)
3rd/4th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°04′13″W / 51.04667°N 114.07028°W / 51.04667; -114.07028 (3 Street)
1st St. SW/Centre St. Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°03′51″W / 51.04667°N 114.06417°W / 51.04667; -114.06417 (Centre Street)
City Hall Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′47″N 114°03′29″W / 51.04639°N 114.05806°W / 51.04639; -114.05806 (Olympic Plaza)
Victoria Park/Stampede Route 201 SE 1981 51°02′18″N 114°03′30″W / 51.03833°N 114.05833°W / 51.03833; -114.05833 (Stampede)
Erlton/Stampede Route 201 SE 1981 51°01′56″N 114°03′31″W / 51.03222°N 114.05861°W / 51.03222; -114.05861 (Erlton)
39th Avenue Route 201 SE 1981 51°01′03″N 114°03′42″W / 51.01750°N 114.06167°W / 51.01750; -114.06167 (39th Avenue)
Chinook Route 201 SE 1981 50°59′50″N 114°03′58″W / 50.99722°N 114.06611°W / 50.99722; -114.06611 (Chinook)
Heritage Route 201 SW 1981 50°58′43″N 114°04′27″W / 50.97861°N 114.07417°W / 50.97861; -114.07417 (Heritage)
Southland Route 201 SW 1981 50°57′51″N 114°04′36″W / 50.96417°N 114.07667°W / 50.96417; -114.07667 (Southland)
Anderson Route 201 SW 1981 50°57′17″N 114°04′29″W / 50.95472°N 114.07472°W / 50.95472; -114.07472 (Anderson)
Canyon Meadows Route 201 SW 2001 50°56′10″N 114°04′12″W / 50.93611°N 114.07000°W / 50.93611; -114.07000 (Canyon Meadows)
Fish Creek–Lacombe Route 201 SW 2001 50°55′23″N 114°04′22″W / 50.92306°N 114.07278°W / 50.92306; -114.07278 (Fish Creek)
Shawnessy Route 201 SW 2004 50°54′38″N 114°04′14″W / 50.91056°N 114.07056°W / 50.91056; -114.07056 (Shawnessy)
Somerset–Bridlewood Route 201 SW 2004 50°53′57″N 114°04′09″W / 50.89917°N 114.06917°W / 50.89917; -114.06917 (Somerset)

Route 202 - Blue line

Station Route Area Open Location
69th St. SW Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′15″N 114°11′26″W / 51.03750°N 114.19056°W / 51.03750; -114.19056 (69th St.)
Sirocco Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′13″N 114°10′17″W / 51.03694°N 114.17139°W / 51.03694; -114.17139 (Sirocco Drive)
45th St. SW Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′16″N 114°09′12″W / 51.03778°N 114.15333°W / 51.03778; -114.15333 (45th St.)
Westbrook Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′23″N 114°08′17″W / 51.03972°N 114.13806°W / 51.03972; -114.13806 (Westbrook)
Shaganappi Point Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′29″N 114°07′24″W / 51.04139°N 114.12333°W / 51.04139; -114.12333 (26th St.)
Sunalta Route 202 SW 2012 51°02′41.28″N 114°05′56″W / 51.0448000°N 114.09889°W / 51.0448000; -114.09889 (16th St.)
Downtown West – Kerby Route 202 Downtown 2012 51°02′49″N 114°05′15″W / 51.04694°N 114.08750°W / 51.04694; -114.08750 (Downtown West - Kerby)
8th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′49″N 114°04′52″W / 51.04694°N 114.08111°W / 51.04694; -114.08111 (8th St.)
6th/7th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°04′30″W / 51.04667°N 114.07500°W / 51.04667; -114.07500 (7 Street)
3rd/4th St. SW Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°04′13″W / 51.04667°N 114.07028°W / 51.04667; -114.07028 (3 Street)
1st St. SW/Centre St. Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′48″N 114°03′51″W / 51.04667°N 114.06417°W / 51.04667; -114.06417 (Centre Street)
City Hall Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 51°02′47″N 114°03′29″W / 51.04639°N 114.05806°W / 51.04639; -114.05806 (Olympic Plaza)
Bridgeland/Memorial Route 202 SE 1985 51°02′56″N 114°02′26″W / 51.04889°N 114.04056°W / 51.04889; -114.04056 (Bridgeland)
Zoo Route 202 SE 1985 51°02′51″N 114°01′30″W / 51.04750°N 114.02500°W / 51.04750; -114.02500 (Zoo)
Barlow/Max Bell Route 202 SE 1985 51°02′45″N 114°00′25″W / 51.04583°N 114.00694°W / 51.04583; -114.00694 (Barlow)
Franklin Route 202 SE 1985 51°02′50″N 113°59′38″W / 51.04722°N 113.99389°W / 51.04722; -113.99389 (Franklin)
Marlborough Route 202 NE 1985 51°03′32″N 113°58′54″W / 51.05889°N 113.98167°W / 51.05889; -113.98167 (Marlborough)
Rundle Route 202 NE 1985 51°04′30″N 113°58′54″W / 51.07500°N 113.98167°W / 51.07500; -113.98167 (Rundle)
Whitehorn Route 202 NE 1985 51°05′11″N 113°58′54″W / 51.08639°N 113.98167°W / 51.08639; -113.98167 (Whitehorn)
McKnight–Westwinds Route 202 NE 2007 51°05′52″N 113°58′54″W / 51.09778°N 113.98167°W / 51.09778; -113.98167 (McKnight-Westwinds)
Martindale Route 202 NE 2012 51°07′11″N 113°57′39″W / 51.11972°N 113.96083°W / 51.11972; -113.96083 (Martindale)
Saddletowne Route 202 NE 2012 51°07′30″N 113°56′54″W / 51.12500°N 113.94833°W / 51.12500; -113.94833 (Saddle Ridge)

Decommissioned stations

Station Route Area Open Closed
3 Street SE Route 202 Downtown 1985 2010
Olympic Plaza Route 201, 202 Downtown 1981 2011
10 Street SW Route 202 Downtown 1985 2012

Ghost station

See also: Ghost station
Station Route Area Open Location
Calgary Municipal Building Route 201 Downtown Future Planned subway line under 8th Ave

This underground station was built under the Municipal Building as part of a proposed future 8th Avenue subway. There is a short section of unused transit tunnel leading to it from the South leg that was blocked off after underground urban explorers started following it into the station.

Ridership

The CTrain's high ridership rate and cost effectiveness can be attributed to a number of factors. The nature of Calgary itself has encouraged CTrain use. Calgary has grown into the second largest head office city in Canada, with a very dense downtown business district. Most of the head offices are crowded into about 1 square kilometre (250 acres) of land in the downtown core. In the last half century the population of Calgary has grown dramatically, outpacing the ability of roads to transport people into the city centre, while the central business district has grown up vertically rather than spread out into the suburbs.[73]

Historically, Calgary residents, particularly its influential inner city community associations, voted against proposals to build major freeways into its city centre, forcing new commuters to use transit as their numbers increased while downtown street and freeway capacity remained the same. City planners limited the number of parking spaces in the downtown core since the narrow downtown streets could not allow more traffic to park. At the same time, Calgary's maturation as a globally influential head office city caused many surface parking lots to be replaced by new skyscrapers, which increased office workers while reducing parking spaces. This eventually made it prohibitively expensive for most people to park downtown. The shortage of downtown parking caused fees to become among the most expensive in North America.[74][75] As a result, in 2012 50% of Calgary's 120,000 downtown workers used Calgary Transit to get to work, with a long-term goal of reaching that mark to 60% of downtown workers in the future.

Forward planning for the CTrain played an important role. Although the light rail system was not chosen until 1976, the city planners had proactively reserved transit corridors for some form of high capacity transport during the 1960s, and the right-of-ways for the system were reserved when Calgary's population was less than 500,000, whereas today it is well over twice that number. Bus rapid transit lines were put in place along future routes to increase commuter numbers prior to constructing proposed future LRT lines. Rather than demolishing buildings, the city reached an agreement with CP Rail to build most of the south line in available space inside an existing CPR right-of-way. Large parts of the other lines were built in the medians and along the edges of freeways and other major roads. Automobile driver objections were muted by adding extra lanes to roads for cars at the same time as putting in the LRT tracks, which reduced costs for both, and by adding grade-separating intersections which reduced both driver and train delays. The lines and stations were placed to serve large outlying suburbs and the central and other business districts, and to serve existing and predicted travel patterns.

Costs were controlled during construction and operation of the system by going with the lowest bidder and using relatively cheap, commercially available technology without regard for "buy Canadian" policies. This has worked out well for a pioneer system because the German technology chosen has since become a more or less standard design for most North American LRT systems, and compatible new-generation equipment with new features is available off-the-shelf. A grade-separated system was passed over in preference for a system with few elevated or buried segments, and the trains and stations selected were of the tried and tested, utilitarian variety (for example, vehicles were not air conditioned, storage yards were not automated, and stations were usually modest concrete platforms with a shelter overhead). This allowed greater amounts of track to be laid within available budgets. The CTrain reduced fare collection costs by using an honour system of payment. Transit police check passenger tickets at random, and fines are set at a level high enough that those who are caught pay the costs for those who evade detection. Staffing costs were kept low by employing a minimum number of workers, and because the system is all-electric (wind powered) it can run all night with only 1 driver per train and 2 people in the control room. It now runs 22 hours per day without significantly increased overhead. (The other 2 hours are reserved for track maintenance).

Although not universally grade separated, the CTrain is able to operate at high speeds on much of its track because it is separated from traffic and pedestrians by fences and concrete bollards. The downtown 7th Avenue transit way is limited to trains, buses, and emergency vehicles, with private cars prohibited. Trains are given priority right of way at most road crossings outside of downtown. As a result, trains are able to operate at 80 km/h (50 mph) outside of downtown, and 40 km/h (25 mph) along the 7th Avenue corridor. 7th Avenue is a free fare zone, intended as a downtown people-mover to encourage use for short hops through the downtown core. The city manages to achieve very high transit capacity on the 7th Avenue transit corridor by staging the traffic lights, so that all the trains move forward in unison to the next station on the synchronized green lights, and load and unload passengers on the intervening red lights. The trains are now 1 block long, but buses occupy the empty gaps every second block between trains and the buses unload and load passengers while the trains pass them.[76]

In 2001, the U.S. General Accounting Office released a study of the cost-effectiveness of American light rail systems.[77] Although not included in the report, Calgary had a capital cost of US$24.5 million per mile (year 2000 dollars), which would be the sixth lowest (Edmonton was given as US$41.7 million per mile). Because of its high ridership (then 188,000 boardings per weekday, now over 300,000) the capital cost per passenger was $2,400 per daily passenger, by far the lowest of the 14 systems compared, while the closest American system was Sacramento at $9,100 per weekday passenger). Operating costs are also low, in 2005, the CTrain cost CDN$163 per operating hour to operate. With an average of 600 boardings per hour, in 2001 cost per LRT passenger was CDN$0.27, compared to $1.50 for bus passengers in Calgary.[76]

Facilities

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "About Calgary Transit / Facts and Figures / Statistics". Calgary Transit. City of Calgary. 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  2. ↑ "CTrain Map" (PDF). Calgary Transit. City of Calgary. August 2014. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  3. 1 2 "Transit Ridership Report, First Quarter 2015" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. May 27, 2015. p. 31. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  4. 1 2 "About Calgary Transit / Corporate Information / History". Calgary Transit. City of Calgary. 2014. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  5. ↑ "SD160 Light Rail Vehicle: Calgary, Canada" (PDF). Siemens Transportation Systems, Inc. 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2011. Catenary supply voltage: 600 Vdc
  6. ↑ "The City of Calgary Transportation Department". City of Calgary (website). Retrieved 2012-10-16.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "LRT Technical Data". Calgary Transit. City of Calgary. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
  8. ↑ "Transit Ridership Report, Fourth Quarter 2013" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. February 26, 2014. p. 31. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  9. ↑ "Banco de Información Económica - Instituto Nactional De Estadística Y Geografía - Comunicaciones y transportes". Instituto Nactional De Estadística Y Geografía (INEGI). Retrieved 2014-04-17.
  10. ↑ Kom, Joel (January 2, 2008). "Residents forced to cope with growing traffic crunch - City confident it can handle growth". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  11. ↑ Guttormson, Kim (January 20, 2007). "Transit hit by 10% rise in riders - City struggles to provide service amid staff crunch". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  12. ↑ Markusoff, Jason (September 11, 2013). "Calgary Transit to buy 63 new LRT cars for $200M". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  13. ↑ "Ride the Wind". Calgary Transit. March 3, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  14. ↑ Cuthbertson, Richard (February 17, 2011). "City wants electric car test". Calgary Herald (Postmedia Network). Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  15. ↑ Logan, Shawn (February 19, 2009). "C-Train's the rail thing for one-billionth rider". The Calgary Sun. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  16. ↑ "CTrain Carries its One Billionth Customer" (Press release). City of Calgary. February 18, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  17. ↑ Calgary's Light Rail Transit Line (Calgary Transit page)
  18. ↑ 7 Avenue calary.ca
  19. ↑ calgary.ca
  20. 1 2 "Closure of 10 Street west downtown station" (PDF). The City of Calgary (website). Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  21. ↑ Calgary Transportation Infrastructure (2007). "7 Avenue Refurbishment". City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  22. ↑ West LRT Opening Event
  23. ↑ "10 Street CTrain Station Closure". Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  24. ↑ "7 AVENUE REFURBISHMENT PROJECT UPDATE: DOWNTOWN WEST-KERBY STATION" (PDF). The City of Calgary (website). Retrieved 2012-04-04.
  25. ↑ Transit Corridor Renewal (World Buildings Directory)
  26. ↑ World Architecture Festival Website
  27. ↑ Calgary Transit (2008). "Calgary LRT Network Plan" (PDF). City of Calgary: 5. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  28. ↑ RouteAhead
  29. ↑ Calgary Transportation Infrastructure (2007). "Northwest LRT Extension – Dalhousie CTrain Station to Crowfoot CTrain Station". City of Calgary. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  30. 1 2 3 Calgary City Council (2007). "Minutes of Calgary City Council special meeting of 06 November 2007" (MS Word). City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  31. ↑ "Northwest LRT Extension to Rocky Ridge/Tuscany". City of Calgary (website). Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  32. 1 2 3 Calgary Transportation Planning (November 20, 2007). "2007 West LRT Report" (PDF). City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  33. ↑ Saddletowne and Martindale Rider's Guide
  34. ↑ Calgary Transit (2008). "Calgary LRT Network Plan" (PDF). City of Calgary: 6. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  35. ↑ Calgary Transportation Department (1983). "West LRT Functional Study" (PDF). City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  36. ↑ "West LRT Project Booklet" (PDF). City of Calgary. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  37. ↑ "West LRT line will open December 10, 2012 on schedule, city says". Calgary Herald. November 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  38. ↑ CBC Calgary (November 20, 2007). "Council confirms route for C-Train's west line". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  39. ↑ "West LRT (City of Calgary website)". City of Calgary. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  40. 1 2 West LRT Map (PDF) (Map) (2007 ed.). City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  41. ↑ Guttormson, Kim (October 5, 2009). "West LRT leg headed below ground after council vote". Calgary Herald (Global Calgary). Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  42. ↑ Calgary Transit (2008). "West LRT – Route Map" (Flash). City of Calgary. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  43. ↑ "Calgary's West LRT project $35M over budget". CBC News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  44. ↑ Cuthbertson, Richard (November 16, 2011). "Soaring west LRT costs hit $1.46B — and threatening to keep rising". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
  45. ↑ Cuthbertson, Richard (January 2, 2012). "Nenshi fears rising cost of land acquisition for west LRT". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  46. ↑ Markusoff, Jason (May 12, 2012). "Public art, land costs strain west LRT tab (Likely to eat into funds earmarked for southeast transit)". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
  47. ↑ "Calgary city council commits to art along west LRT line". CBC News. May 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  48. ↑ Markusoff, Jason (May 28, 2012). "City finds money from other projects to pay for west LRT public art". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  49. ↑ Mayor Bronconnier Announces Design-Build Award, City of Calgary, October 29, 2009, retrieved June 9, 2010
  50. ↑ "Trains being tested on West LRT line". CBC News. May 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  51. ↑ "Test trains hit the tracks". CTV Calgary. May 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  52. ↑ Markusoff, Jason (May 15, 2012). "Test train begins rolling on $1.4-billion west LRT line (New line expected to open by March 2013)". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  53. ↑ Ramsey, Melissa (May 15, 2012). "City tests first train on West LRT tracks". Global Calgary. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  54. ↑ RouteAhead Section 4; Page 53
  55. 1 2 3 4 Markusoff, Jason (October 1, 2012). "Airport link moves up on list of transit’s 30-year priorities". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Zickefoose, Sherri (October 1, 2012). "Calgary Transit presents council with $8-billion blueprint for future". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  57. 1 2 Calgary Transit: Southeast Transitway (SETWAY)
  58. ↑ "Green Line". City of Calgary. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  59. ↑ Lambert, Taylor (March 12, 2016). "Green Line LRT gets October funding deadline". Calgary Herald. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  60. ↑ Howell, Trevor (July 24, 2014). "Tories announce $1.5B for Green Line LRT project". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  61. ↑ "Green Line Timeline". City of Calgary. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  62. 1 2 3 Stephenson, Amanda (July 15, 2012). "Southeast LRT cost estimate soars to $2.7 billion (Project won’t be finished for 27 years, city report says)". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  63. ↑ Calgary Land Use Planning & Policy (2007). "City Centre Plan" (PDF). Part 2, p. 79. City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  64. ↑ Calgary Land Use Planning & Policy (2007). "Beltline Area Redevelopment Plan" (PDF). Part 2, pp. 85–86. City of Calgary. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  65. 1 2 Clifton ND Lea Consulting (2004). "Southeast LRT Functional Planning Study" (PDF). Phase III – Glenmore Trail to Elbow River. City of Calgary. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  66. ↑ Calgary Transit (2008). "Calgary LRT Network Plan" (PDF). City of Calgary: 8. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  67. ↑ Markusoff, Jason (May 25, 2014). "Airport Tunnel: First run beneath the runway". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  68. ↑ Plans and Projects - Red Line
  69. ↑ Plans and Projects - Blue Line
  70. ↑ http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Calgary+Transit+spend+200M+train+cars/8898525/story.html
  71. ↑ http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/siemens_new_ctrains.html
  72. ↑ Calgary Planning Department (1982). "City Hall Area Redevelopment Plan" (PDF). p. 30. City of Calgary. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
  73. ↑ Hubbel, John; Colquhoun, Dave (May 8, 2006). "Light Rail Transit in Calgary: The First 25 Years" (PDF). Joint International Light Rail Conference. St. Louis, Missouri: Calgary Transit. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  74. ↑ "Global CBD Parking Rate Study" (PDF). Colliers International. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-03.
  75. ↑ "Calgary parking fees 2nd highest in N. America". CBC News. July 13, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
  76. 1 2 Neil McKendrick, Dave Colquhoun, Bob Charles, John Hubbell (April 2006). "Calgary’s CTrain – Effective Capital Utilization" (PDF). Calgary Transit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-04.
  77. ↑ General Accounting Office. "Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise" (PDF). Report to Congressional Requesters. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

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