Southern whiteface

Southern whiteface
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Acanthizidae
Genus: Aphelocephala
Species: A. leucopsis
Binomial name
Aphelocephala leucopsis
(Gould, 1841)

Endemic to Australia, the southern whiteface (Aphelocephala leucopsis) is a small passerine found in arid regions across most of the southern half of the continent, excluding Tasmania.[1] Superficially finch-like in appearance, this insectivorous bird is relatively common throughout most of its range, however, overall populations appear to be in decline.[1]

Taxonomy

Originally classified as genus Xerophila, the whitefaces were later reclassified when it was noted that a group of molluscs had already been ascribed that name and thus, are now listed as genus Aphelocephala.[2] There are three species within the Aphelocephala, including the southern whiteface, banded whiteface (A. nigricincta) and chestnut-breasted whiteface (A. pectoralis).[2] Recent phylogenetic study has found whitefaces to be most closely related to the scrubtit (Acanthornis magnus), a monotypic Tasmanian species similar in appearance to Sericornis scrubwrens.[3] The marked difference in the size and shape of Whiteface beaks compared with the Scrubtit has been attributed to an increased dietary intake of seeds, requiring a more robust bill.[3]

Description

The southern whiteface is a stocky thornbill-like bird with a brown dorsum, white belly, dark brown wings and a black tail with narrow white tip.[4] A grey wash on the belly is sometimes present, along with a grey or rufous tinge to the flanks.[2] This species displays the characteristic facial markings of the genus; a white band across the forehead, with a darker streak along the top edge.[4] Adult birds are approximately 11.5 cm in length with a cream coloured eye, grey legs and a stubby dark grey bill of finch-like appearance.[2][4] Adults are sexually monomorphic, while juveniles are distinguishable due to a lack of black rear band on the face.[2] Call is a rapid, noisy twittering; ‘tchip-tchip-chiptchipt-chipt-chip’ or ‘tzip-tzip-tziptzip’ and a harsher ‘kzzurrk, kzzurrk-kzzurrk’ in alarm.[4]

This species can be distinguished from other whiteface species by its somewhat duller appearance and lack of a breast band, which both the banded whiteface and chestnut-breasted whiteface possess.[4][5]

The southern whiteface is a polytypic species with two recognised races:

Distribution and habitat

The southern whiteface is endemic to Australia and typically inhabits arid open woodlands with a shrubby or grassy understory, as well as grass plains throughout much of the continents south.[2][4] Not present in Tasmania or in coastal areas of the mainland, this species prefers Acacia woodlands, particularly those dominated by mulga and drought-resistant chenopod shrub species, including saltbush and bluebush.[2][4] They are considered sedentary; however, atlas records indicate that individuals may move into wetter areas outside of their normal range during drought years.[2]

Behaviour

Diet and foraging

Southern whiteface feed primarily on arthropods; particularly insect and arachnid species, but also take seeds and leaves.[2][6] They forage almost exclusively on the ground,[7] favouring habitat with low tree densities, a herb understory and without large amounts of litter cover.[8] When foraging on ground substrates, southern whiteface preferentially make use of ground litter, herbs and bare ground over grass and substrates above ground level (e.g., tree trunks, branches and canopy) and obtain their insectivorous prey exclusively by gleaning.[9]

Although southern whiteface typically forage in small groups of 2-8 individuals, they may congregate in larger flocks during the non-breeding season, with as many as 70 birds recorded in foraging parties in winter.[2] They often also participate in mixed species feeding flocks, particularly with other whiteface and thornbill species.[2]

Breeding

Breeds once or twice a year from July to October throughout most of its range, however, timing of breeding in this species can be affected by rainfall in arid regions.[10] May breed outside of their usual season following sufficient rainfall, or may not breed at all in years of drought.[10] Little is known about bonding in this species and although nesting is often observed in pairs, there have been multiple occurrences of co-operative breeding recorded, with up to 4 adults participating in chick rearing.[2]

Nesting

Builds a domed nest with a side entrance, using dry grasses or bark and lining with feathers or fur.[10] Nests are often placed in shrubs or tree hollows and can range in height from less than 1m from the ground, to greater than 10m.[10] Eggs are a dull white or buff colour with brown blotching at the larger end, oval in shape and about 1.8 x 1.4 cm in size.[5] Clutches usually consist of 3-4 eggs.[10] Length of incubation period is unknown, but young are altricial and fledge between 14–19 days after hatching.[2]

Conservation

Although locally common and currently listed on the IUCN Red List as ‘of least concern’,[1] atlas records of southern whiteface have declined by 43% in recent years.[11] The suitability of habitat for ground-foraging woodland species, such as the southern whiteface, is thought to depend on the variety of available ground substrates.[9] As many types of ground cover are vulnerable to disturbance from fire (leaf litter, fallen branches), grazing (grass, herbs) and introduction of exotic plant species (open ground), the management of existing habitat has important conservation implications for this species.[9] Understory disturbance by grazing and clearance of habitat for agriculture are currently listed as the main threats to southern whiteface,[2] however, some studies suggest that mining operations may also impact negatively on the species, although the exact cause for their decline (e.g. habitat degradation, noise disturbance, exposure to pollutants) in mining areas is unknown.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2012). "Aphelocephala leucopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Higgins, P.J; Peter, J.M (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds: Pardalotes to Shrike-thrushes (Vol. 6 ed.). Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. pp. 550–560.
  3. 1 2 Gardner, J.L; Trueman, J.W.H; Ebert, D; Joseph, L; Magrath, R.D (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of the Meliphagoidea, the largest radiation of Australasian songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (3): 1087–1102. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.005. PMID 20152917.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Morcombe, M (2003). Field Guide to Australian Birds (2 ed.). Archerfield, QLD: Steve Parish Publishing Pty Ltd.
  5. 1 2 Pizzey, G; Knight, F (2007). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (8 ed.). Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins Publishers.
  6. ↑ Watson, D (2011). "A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: poorer soils yield less food". Emu 111: 10–18. doi:10.1071/mu09109.
  7. ↑ Reche, H.F; Davis Jr, W.E (1997). "Foraging Ecology of a Mulga Bird Community". Wildlife Research 24 (1): 27–43. doi:10.1071/wr96052.
  8. ↑ Antos, M.J; Bennett, A.F; White, J.G (2008). "Where exactly do ground-foraging woodland birds forage? Foraging sites and microhabitat selection in temperate woodlands of southern Australia". Emu 108: 201–211. doi:10.1071/mu08005.
  9. 1 2 3 Antos, M.J; Bennett, A.F (2006). "Foraging ecology of ground-feeding woodland birds in temperate woodlands of southern Australia". Emu 106: 29–40. doi:10.1071/mu05039.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian birds their nests and eggs. Kenmore Hills, QLD: G. Beruldsen.
  11. ↑ Barrett, G; Silcocks, A; Barry, S; Cunningham, R; Poulter, R (2003). The New Atlas of Australian Birds. Hawthorn East, VIC: Royal Australian Ornithologists Union.
  12. ↑ Read, J.L; Reid, N; Venables, W.N (2000). "Which Birds Are Useful Bioindicators of Mining and Grazing Impacts in Arid South Australia?". Environmental Management 26 (2): 215–232. doi:10.1007/s002670010083.
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