Sparisoma
| Sparisoma Temporal range: 44–0 Ma | |
|---|---|
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| Sparisoma viride | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Scaridae |
| Genus: | Sparisoma Swainson, 1839 |
| Species | |
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See text. | |
Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus,[2] including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010[3] and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012.[4] They are the main grazers of algae in the Caribbean since sea urchins, the former main grazers, experienced a mass extinction and were supplanted by the parrotfishes.
The name was proposed by William John Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.
The size of parrotfishes of this genus range from the rather small-sized S. radians with a known maximum length of 20 cm (7.9 in) to the large S. viride, which reaches lengths of up to 64 cm (25 in).
Members of this genus are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing and terminal phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is S. cretense. They use their pectoral fins to move; the caudal fin is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.
The genus Sparisoma is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of overfishing and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae, but since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much algae is deleterious to coral.
Species
- Sparisoma amplum (Ranzani, 1842)
- Greenblotch parrotfish, Sparisoma atomarium (Poey, 1861)
- Redband parrotfish, Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840)
- Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878)
- Sparisoma choati Rocha, Brito & Robertson, 2012
- Redtail parrotfish, Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Mediterranean parrotfish, Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz, 1831)
- Sparisoma griseorubrum Cervigón, 1982
- Bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840)
- Sparisoma rocha Pinheiro, Gasparini & Sazima, 2010
- Redfin parrotfish, Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1840)
- Strigate parrotfish, Sparisoma strigatum (Günther, 1862)
- Sparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter, 2003
- Stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788)
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sparisoma. |
- ↑ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Species of Sparisoma in FishBase. February 2012 version.
- ↑ Pinheiro, H. T., J. L. Gasparini & I. Sazima (2010). Sparisoma rocha, a new species of parrotfish (Actinopterygii: Labridae) from Trindade Island, South-western Atlantic. Zootaxa 2493: 59–65.
- ↑ Rocha, Brito, and Robertson (2012). Sparisoma choati, a new species of Parrotfish (Labirdae: Scarinae) from the tropical eastern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 3152: 61-67.