Special Court for Sierra Leone

Special Court for Sierra Leone
Established 16 January 2002
Country Sierra Leone
Location Freetown, Sierra Leone
(Charles Taylor trial moved to The Hague, Netherlands)
Composition method Appointment by government of Sierra Leone or Secretary-General of the United Nations
Authorized by Statute
Other international instruments[1]
Number of positions 8–11
(later expanded)
Website http://www.sc-sl.org/ [closed] http://www.rscsl.org/
President
Currently Rotational and various

The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court"[1] (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, is a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations[2] to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the Sierra Leone Civil War. The court's working language is English.[1] The court lists offices in Freetown, The Hague, and New York City.[3]

On 26 April 2012, former Liberian President Charles Taylor became the first African head of state to be convicted for his part in war crimes.[4]

Origin

On 12 June 2000, Sierra Leone's President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wrote a letter to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan asking the international community to try those responsible for crimes during the conflict. On 10 August 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1315 requesting the Secretary-General to start negotiations with the Sierra Leonean government to create a Special Court.

On 16 January 2002, the UN and the government of Sierra Leone signed an agreement establishing the court. A contract was awarded to Sierra Construction Systems, the largest construction company in Sierra Leone, to construct the building that would house the court. The first staff members arrived in Freetown in July 2002.

On 10 March 2004 the new courthouse building of the Special Court for Sierra Leone was officially opened, before an audience of national and international dignitaries.[5]

As of April 2012, over 40 states had contributed funds for the court's work, with the most notable African contributor being Nigeria. In 2004, 2011 and 2012, the SCSL received funding from subventions from the United Nations.[6]

Jurisdiction

The SCSL had the jurisdiction to try any persons who committed crimes against humanity against civilians that included: murder; extermination; enslavement; deportation; imprisonment; torture; rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution or any other form of sexual violence; persecution on the basis of politics, race, ethnicity or religion; and other "inhumane acts." In addition, the court would have jurisdiction to prosecute those who violated the Geneva Convention of 1949, as well as Sierra Leone's Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1926 for the abuse of girls and Malicious Damage Act 1861. However, the court does not have jurisdiction over those under the age of 15. Further, it was superior to any court of Sierra Leone and could take precedence in cases of possible conflicting jurisdiction. Previous amnesties contrary to the remit of the court would be invalid.[1]

Punishment

All sentences should be carried out within Sierra Leone, unless there was no capacity to deal with the accused, at which point any states pursuant to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda or the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia who have acceded a willingness to host the accused for the tenure of their sentence can hold the prisoner. Enforcement would be carried out by the court.

Commuting sentences would be up to the state in consultation with the court.[1]

Structure

The Special Court consists of three institutions: the Registry, the Prosecutor, the Chambers (for trials and appeals). The Registry is responsible for the overall management of the court.[1]

Robin Vincent was the first registrar. On 22 February 2010, the SCSL announced the appointment of a new registrar, Binta Mansaray. Mansaray had previously served as the deputy registrar and as head of the court's Outreach Programme. She is the first Sierra Leonean to hold the post of Registrar.

The current prosecutor, Brenda Hollis, previously the principal trial attorney in the Charles Taylor case, was appointed by the UNSG and took up her office in February 2010. The prosecutor and her team investigate crimes, gather evidence and submit indictments to the judges.[1] The Deputy Prosecutor is Joseph Kamara, a Sierra Leonean, nominated by that government and appointed by the Secretary General. Kamara took up his post on 15 August 2008.

Chambers

The statute of the court indicated eight to eleven judges. Three would serve in the trial chamber (of which one would be appointed by the Sierra Leonean government and two by the UN secretary-general) and five would serve in the appeals chamber (of which two would be appointed by the Sierra Leonean government and three by the UN secretary-general).[1]

There are currently twelve judges, of which seven are Trial Judges (five UN appointed—including one alternate—and two nominated by the Sierra Leone government). The remaining five are Appeals Judges, three of whom were appointed by the UN and two nominated by the Sierra Leone government. Judges are appointed for a term of three years. They can be re-appointed.

Appeals Chamber :

Name[7] Country Position Appointed by Appointed Term ends
Shireen Avis Fisher United States United States President Secretary-General 2009 2015
Emmanuel Ayoola Nigeria Nigeria Vice-President Secretary-General 2002 2014
George Gelaga King Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Member Sierra Leone 2002 2014
Renate Winter Austria Austria Member Secretary-General 2002 2014
Jon Kamanda Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Member Sierra Leone 2007 2013
Philip Nyamu Waki Kenya Kenya Alternate Sierra Leone/Secretary-General 27 February 2012[8]

Trial Chamber I judges:

Name[9] Country Position Appointed by Appointed Term ends
Pierre G. Boutet Canada Canada Presiding Judge Secretary-General 2002 2014
Rosolu John Bankole Thompson Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Member Sierra Leone 2002 2014
Benjamin Mutanga Itoe Cameroon Cameroon Member Secretary-General 2002 2014

Trial Chamber II judges:

Name[10] Country Position Appointed by Appointed Term ends
Richard Lussick Samoa Samoa Presiding Judge Sierra Leone 2005 2014
Teresa Doherty Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Member Secretary General 2005 2014
Julia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda Member Secretary General 2005 2014
El Hadji Malick Sow Senegal Senegal Alternate
(Charles Taylor trial) 		United Nations 2007 2013

Former judges

Indictees

The Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone outlines four different types of crimes with which the Court can charge individuals. They are crimes against humanity, violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II (war crimes), other serious violations of international humanitarian law, and crimes under Sierra Leonean law.[13] If found guilty, sentencing could include prison terms or have their property confiscated. The SCSL, as with all other tribunals established by the United Nations, does not have the power to impose the death penalty. Thus far, 13 individuals have been indicted on charges of committing crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other violations of international humanitarian law. No individuals have been charged with crimes under Sierra Leonean law.

A total of 22 people have been indicted in the SCSL. Proceedings against 21 people have been completed: nine are serving their sentences, seven have finished their sentences, two have been acquitted, and three have died prior to the conclusion of the proceedings against them. Proceedings against one person, Johnny Paul Koroma, are ongoing; he is a fugitive, although he is believed to be deceased.[14]

Overview

The list below details the counts against each individual indicted in the Court and his or her current status. The column titled H lists the number of counts (if any) of crimes against humanity with which an individual has been charged. W the number of counts of war crimes and violations of international humanitarian law, CSL the number of counts of crimes under Sierra Leonean law, and C the number of counts of contempt of the Court. Note that these are the counts with which an individual was indicted, not convicted.

Name Indicted H W CSL C Transferred
to the SCSL		 Current status Ind.
Bockarie, SamSam Bockarie 7 March 2003 7 10 — — Died on 5 May 2003; proceedings terminated on 8 December 2003[15][16] [17]
Brima, AlexAlex Brima 7 March 2003 7 8 — — 10 March 2003 Serving sentence of 50 years' imprisonment in Rwanda[18][19] [20]
Kallon, MorrisMorris Kallon 7 March 2003 8 10 — — 10 March 2003 Serving sentence of 40 years' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][21] [22]
Koroma, Johnny PaulJohnny Paul Koroma 7 March 2003 7 10 — — Fugitive; reported to have died in 2003[14][23] [24]
Norman, SamuelSamuel Norman 7 March 2003 2 6 — — 10 March 2003 Died on 22 February 2007; proceedings terminated on 21 May 2007[25] [26]
Sankoh, FodayFoday Sankoh 7 March 2003 7 10 — — 10 March 2003 Died on 29 July 2003; proceedings terminated on 8 December 2003[27][28] [29]
Sesay, IssaIssa Sesay 7 March 2003 8 10 — — 10 March 2003 Serving sentence of 52 years' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][30] [22]
Taylor, CharlesCharles Taylor 7 March 2003 5 6 — — 29 March 2006 Serving sentence of 50 years' imprisonment in the United Kingdom[31][32] [33]
Gbao, AugustineAugustine Gbao 16 April 2003 8 10 — — 10 March 2003 Serving sentence of 25 years' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][34] [22]
Kamara, BrimaBrima Kamara[upper-alpha 1] 28 May 2003 7 8 — 3 10 March 2003 Serving sentence of 46 years and 50 weeks' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][38] [20]
Fofana, MoininaMoinina Fofana[upper-alpha 2] 26 June 2003 2 6 — — 29 May 2003 Paroled on 12 March 2015[42][43][44] [26]
Kondewa, AllieuAllieu Kondewa 26 June 2003 2 6 — — 29 May 2003 Serving sentence of 20 years' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][45] [26]
Kanu, SantigieSantigie Kanu[upper-alpha 1] 16 September 2003 7 8 — 2 17 September 2003 Serving sentence of 51 years and 50 weeks' imprisonment in Rwanda[19][46] [20]
Samura, BrimaBrima Samura 25 April 2005 — — — 1 Summoned Acquitted on 26 October 2005[47] [48]
Brima, MargaretMargaret Brima 25 April 2005 — — — 1 Summoned Completed sentence of 1 year's probation on 20 September 2006[49] [48]
Jalloh, NenehNeneh Jalloh 25 April 2005 — — — 1 Summoned Completed sentence of 1 year's probation on 20 September 2006[49] [48]
Kamara, EstherEsther Kamara 25 April 2005 — — — 1 Summoned Completed sentence of 1 year's probation on 20 September 2006[49] [48]
Kamara, AnifaAnifa Kamara 25 April 2005 — — — 1 Summoned Completed sentence of 1 year's probation on 20 September 2006[49] [48]
Bangura, HassanHassan Bangura 24 May 2011 — — — 2 18 June 2012 Completed sentence of 18 months' imprisonment on 11 October 2013[35][36][50] [37]
Kargbo, SamuelSamuel Kargbo[upper-alpha 3] 24 May 2011 — — — 2 Summoned Completed commuted sentence on 11 October 2014[35][36] [37]
Senessie, EricEric Senessie 24 May 2011 — — — 9 15 June 2012 Completed sentence of 2 years' imprisonment on 13 June 2014[51][52][53] [54]
Taylor, PrincePrince Taylor 4 October 2012 — — — 9 6 October 2012 Acquitted on 30 October 2013[55][56] [57]
Notes
  1. 1 2 Brima Kamara and Santigie Kanu's sentences also includes the sentence from their contempt case.[35][36][37]
  2. ↑ Moinina Fofana served 11 years and 298 days of his sentence of 15 years' imprisonment in detention.[39][40][41]
  3. ↑ Samuel Kargbo's sentence of 18 months' imprisonment was suspended following the successful completion of 2 years' probation.

Civil Defence Forces (CDF)

Three of the indictees were leaders of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF), i.e. Allieu Kondewa, Moinina Fofana, and former Interior Minister Samuel Hinga Norman. Their trial started on 3 June 2004 and concluded with closing arguments in September 2006. Norman died in custody on 22 February 2007 before judgement after having undergone a surgical procedure in Dakar, Senegal. The trial proceedings against him were accordingly terminated.[58]

Revolutionary United Front (RUF)

Five leaders of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) were indicted: Foday Sankoh, Sam Bockarie, Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao. The charges against Sankoh and Bockarie were dropped after their deaths were officially ascertained. The trial for Kallon, Gbao and Sesay began on 5 July 2004. It concluded on 24 June 2008. Final oral arguments were conducted on 4 and 5 August 2008.

Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC)

Three of the detained indictees belonged to the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC): Alex Tamba Brima (also known as Gullit), Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu (also known as Five-Five). Their trial began on 7 March 2005.

The only indicted person who is not detained, and whose whereabouts remain uncertain, is the former dictator and AFRC chairman Johnny Paul Koroma, who seized power in a military coup on 25 May 1997. He was widely reported to have been killed in June 2003, but as definitive evidence of his death has never been provided his indictment has not been dropped.

Charles Taylor

The former President of Liberia, Charles Taylor, was accused of involvement in the civil war. Taylor was originally indicted in 2003,[59] but he was given asylum in Nigeria after fleeing Liberia.[60] In March 2006, Taylor fled from his house in Nigeria and was arrested at the Cameroon border. Taylor was extradited to the SCSL following a request to this effect by the Liberian government. He was then immediately turned over to the SCSL.

Because Taylor still enjoyed considerable support in Liberia, President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf requested the trial to be moved to The Hague. The Dutch government called for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1688 to take him but also requested a third country to hold him if convicted, to which the United Kingdom agreed.[61] His trial in Freetown was deemed undesirable for security reasons with UNAMSIL having considerably reduced its presence. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1688 of 17 June 2006[62] allowed the Special Court to transfer Taylor's case to The Hague, Netherlands, where the physical infrastructure of the International Criminal Court would be used with the trial still being conducted under the SCSL's auspices. Taylor's trial started on 4 June 2007,[63] with the first witness appearing 7 January 2008.[64]

The prosecution rested its case on 27 February 2009,[65] and the defense began their case on 13 July and rested on 12 November 2010.[66] The Trial Chamber II scheduled the announcement of its verdict on 26 April 2012[67] The verdict was read starting at 11:00[68] by the presiding judge Richard Lussick, who said that "the trial chamber unanimously finds you guilty of aiding and abetting [all of these] crimes:" acts of terrorism; murder; violence to life, health or physical well being of persons; rape; sexual slavery; outrages upon personal dignity; violence to life, health and physical or mental well being of persons; other inhumane acts, a crime against humanity; conscripting or enlisting children under the age of 15 years into the armed forces; enslavement; and pillage in accordance with article 6.1 of the SCSL's statute. His sentence would be announced on 30 May after a hearing in which Taylor would be given the opportunity to speak on 16 May. An appeal could also be filed within 14 days of the decision.[69]

Though Taylor had rejected complicity on any of the charges, the court said that he ordered and supported the RUF, while the prosecution said that RUF's undermining of a 1999 ceasefire prolonged the war and was financed by Taylor through the proceeds of illegally mined "blood diamonds." In reaction to the verdict, Richard Dekker, the head of the international justice programme at Human Rights Watch said: "The Taylor verdict is a watershed moment, however it turns out. As president, Taylor is believed to have been responsible for so much murder and mayhem which unfolded in Sierra Leone. His was a shadow that loomed across the region".[4] Christine Cheng of Exeter College, Oxford pointed to the politicisation of the trial and the degree to which the trial has been funded by Western states, though she added that the conclusion of Taylor's trial represented a "milestone for the pursuit of international justice."[70] The prosecutor Brenda J. Hollis reacted to the verdict in saying:[71]

Today is for the people of Sierra Leone who suffered horribly because of Charles Taylor. This judgment brings some measure of justice to the many thousands of victims who paid a terrible price for Mr. Taylor’s crimes. Today’s historic judgment reinforces the new reality, that Heads of State will be held to account for war crimes and other international crimes. This judgment affirms that with leadership comes not just power and authority, but also responsibility and accountability. No person, no matter how powerful, is above the law. The judges found that Mr. Taylor aided and abetted the crimes charged in counts 1 through 11, and that he planned with Sam Bockarie the attacks on Kono, Makeni and Freetown in late 1998 and January 1999 during which the charged crimes were committed. The Trial Chamber’s findings made clear the central role Charles Taylor played in the horrific crimes against the people of Sierra Leone. Mr. Taylor’s conviction for murder acknowledges the thousands who were brutally killed. These men, women and children were violently taken from their family and friends, and many were killed in remote locations known only to their killers. Victims’ families were left destitute, with emotional wounds that will never heal.

Richard Falk criticised the trial, arguing that Western powers selectively prosecuted only war criminals who were opposed to Western interests. He also noted that the U.S. has refused the International Criminal Court jurisdiction over its citizens.[72]

Contempt cases

The Court has opened two contempt cases. The first was opened in 2005 involved the alleged intimidation of a witness by Brima Samura, an investigator for the defense team in the AFRC case and wives of the defendants: Margaret Brima, Neneh Jalloh, Esther Kamara, and Anifa Kamara. Samura was acquitted, but all the other defendants were sentenced to one year of probation.[48][49]

The second case was opened in 2011 and involved witness tampering, interference with the administration of justice, and other allegations against Brima Kamara and Santigie Kanu, who at the time had already been sentenced for the previous case against them, and Hassan Bangura, Samuel Kargbo, and Eric Senessie. At a July 2011 preliminary hearing, Kargbo entered a guilty plea; the other four defendants pled not guilty.[73] In June 2012, Eric Senessie was tried and convicted of eight counts of contempt of court. He was sentenced the following month to two years incarceration per count, with each sentence to run concurrently.

Kamara, Kanu, and Bangura were also tried in June 2012. In September 2012, they were convicted of contempt of court. Kanu and Bangura were convicted of two counts of "interfering with the administration of justice by offering a bribe to a witness" and for attempting to induce a witness who had given testimony before the special court to recant. Kamara was convicted for attempting to induce a witness to recant testimony he had previously given as well. In October 2012, Kargbo, Kamara, Kanu, and Bangura were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 18 months (suspended for Kargbo) to 2 years on contempt charges stemming from allegations of witness tampering.

In October 2012, a sixth defendant, Prince Taylor, was charged with nine counts of contempt of court for witness tampering and interference with the administration of justice. In October 2013, an Appeals Chamber panel overturned his initial conviction in a 2-1 ruling.[74]

Judgments

AFRC

On 20 June 2007, the three suspects in the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council trial, Brima, Kanu, and Kamara, were each convicted of eleven of 14 counts. These were acts of terrorism; collective punishments; extermination; murder – a crime against humanity; murder – a war crime; rape; outrages upon personal dignity; physical violence – a war crime; conscripting or enlisting children under the age of 15 years into armed forces or groups, or using them to participate actively in hostilities; enslavement; and pillage. They were found not guilty of three counts: sexual slavery and any other form of sexual violence; other inhumane act – forced marriage; and other inhumane acts – a crime against humanity.

These were the first judgments from the SCSL, as well as the first time ever that an international court ruled on charges related to child soldiers or forced marriage, and the first time an international court delivered a guilty verdict for the military conscription of children.[75]

On 19 July 2007, Alex Tamba Brima and Santigie Borbor Kanu were sentenced to 50 years in jail, while Brima Kamara was sentenced to 45 years imprisonment.[76]

On 22 February 2008, the Appeals Chamber denied their appeal and reaffirmed the verdicts.[77]

CDF

On 2 August 2007, the two surviving CDF defendants, Kondewa and Fofana, were convicted of murder, cruel treatment, pillage and collective punishments. Kondewa was further found guilty of use of child soldiers. The CDF trial was perhaps the most controversial as many Sierra Leoneans considered the CDF to be protecting them from the depredations of the RUF.[58]

On 9 October 2007, the Court decided on the punishment. Kondewa was sentenced to eight years imprisonment, Fofana got six years. These sentences were considered a success for the defence as the prosecutors had asked for 30 years imprisonment for both. The Court imposed a lesser sentence because it saw some mitigating factors. These included the CDF’s efforts to restore Sierra Leone’s democratically elected government which, the Trial Chamber noted, "contributed immensely to re-establishing the rule of law in this Country where criminality, anarchy and lawlessness (...) had become the order of the day".[78]

On appellate judgements announced on 28 May 2008, the Appeals Chamber overturned convictions of both defendants on the collective punishments charge as well as Kondewa's conviction for the use of child soldiers. However, the Appeals Chamber also entered new convictions against both for murder and inhumane acts as crimes against humanity. The Appeals Chamber also enhanced the sentences against the two, with the result that Fofana will serve 15 years and Kondewa will serve 20 years.[79]

RUF

On 25 February 2009, convictions of each of the three RUF defendants were handed down. Issa Sesay and Morris Kallon were each found guilty on 16 of the 18 counts on which they had been charged. Augustine Gbao was found guilty of 14 of the 18 charges. Convictions were entered on charges including murder, enlistment of child soldiers, amputation, sexual slavery and forced marriage.[80] The three were all convicted on charges of forced marriage, the first such convictions ever handed down in an international criminal court.[81] All three had pleaded not guilty and shook their heads as the judgment was read.[82] Sentences were handed down on 8 April 2009. Sesay received 52 years, Kallon 40 years and Gbao 25 years.[83] The convictions and sentences were appealed and, on 26 October 2009, the Appeals Chamber handed down an opinion denying that appeal.[84]

Charles Taylor

On 26 April 2012, Charles Taylor was convicted on all 11 counts with which he remained charged. He was previously acquitted of ordering war crimes and of joint conspiracy.[85] On 30 May 2012, he was sentenced to a term of 50 years in prison.[86]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone". Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  2. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone > ABOUT". Sc-sl.org. 30 November 1996. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  3. ↑ "The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Contact Us". Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  4. 1 2 "War crimes court finds Charles Taylor guilty – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  5. ↑ "Special Court of Sierra Leone unveils new building that will be home to trials", UN News Centre, 10 March 2004
  6. ↑ "HOME". Sc-sl.org. 30 November 1996. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  7. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone > ABOUT > Court Organization > Chambers > Appeals Chamber". Sc-sl.org. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  8. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone - Outreach and Public Affairs Office - PRESS RELEASE - Freetown, Sierra Leone, 27 February 2012". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  9. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone > ABOUT > Court Organization > Chambers > Trial Chamber I". Sc-sl.org. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  10. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone > ABOUT > Court Organization > Chambers > Trial Chamber II". Sc-sl.org. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  11. ↑ Rory Carroll, Africa correspondent (10 March 2004). "War crimes QC under pressure to quit after bias claims | World news". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  12. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone - Outreach and Public Affairs Office - PRESS RELEASE - Freetown, Sierra Leone, 24 November 2008". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  13. ↑ "Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone" (PDF). Special Court for Sierra Leone. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  14. 1 2 "Is Ex-Sierra Leone Junta Leader Johnny Paul Koroma Dead Or Alive?". Monrovia, Liberia: 'The Democrat. AllAfrica.com. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  15. ↑ "SCSL-03-04-PT: The Prosecutor v. Sam Bockarie Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  16. ↑ "SCSL-03-04-PT: The Prosecutor v. Sam Bockarie Withdrawal of Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-12-08. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  17. ↑ "SCSL-03-04-I: The Prosecutor v. Sam Bockarie Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  18. ↑ "SCSL-03-06-I: The Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Press Release: Special Court Prisoners Transferred to Rwanda to Serve Their Sentences" (PDF). SCSL. 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  20. 1 2 3 "SCSL-04-16-PT: The Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu Further Amended Consolidated Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2005-02-18. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  21. ↑ "SCSL-03-07-I: The Prosecutor v. Morris Kallon Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  22. 1 2 3 "SCSL-04-15-PT: The Prosecutor v. Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao Corrected Amended Consolidated Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  23. ↑ "SCSL-03-03-I: The Prosecutor v. Johnny Paul Koroma Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  24. ↑ "SCSL-03-03-I: The Prosecutor v. Johnny Paul Koroma Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  25. ↑ "SCSL-03-08-I: The Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  26. 1 2 3 "SCSL-03-14-I: The Prosecutor v. Samuel Hinga Norman, Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2004-02-05. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  27. ↑ "SCSL-03-02-I: The Prosecutor v. Foday Saybana Sankoh Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  28. ↑ "SCSL-03-02-I: The Prosecutor v. Foday Saybana Sankoh Withdrawal of Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-12-08. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  29. ↑ "SCSL-03-02-I: The Prosecutor v. Foday Saybana Sankoh Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  30. ↑ "SCSL-03-05-I: The Prosecutor v. Issa Sesay Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  31. ↑ "SCSL-03-01-A: The Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Judgment" (PDF). SCSL. 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  32. ↑ "Press Release: Charles Taylor Transferred to the UK for the Enforcement of his Sentence" (PDF). SCSL. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  33. ↑ "SCSL-03-01-PT: The Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor Second Amended Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  34. ↑ "SCSL-03-09-I: The Prosecutor v. Augustine Gbao Decision Approving the Indictment" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-04-16. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  35. 1 2 3 "SCSL-2011-02-T: The Independent Counsel v. Hassan Papa Bangura, Samuel Kargbo, Santigie Borbor Kanu and Brima Bazzy Kamara Sentencing Judgment in Contempt Proceedings" (PDF). SCSL. 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  36. 1 2 3 "SCSL-2011-02-A: The Independent Counsel v. Hassan Papa Bangura, Samuel Kargbo, Santigie Borbor Kanu and Brima Bazzy Kamara Judgment in Contempt Proceedings" (PDF). SCSL. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  37. 1 2 3 "SCSL-04-16-ES: The Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu Decision on the Report of the Independent Counsel" (PDF). SCSL. 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  38. ↑ "SCSL-03-10-I: The Prosecutor v. Brima Bazzy Kamara Decision Approving the Indictment, the Warrant of Arrest, and Order for Non-Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  39. ↑ "RSCSL-04-14-ES: The Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa Order for Detention and Transfer and for Hearing Pursuant to Article 12(F) of the Practice Direction on Conditional Early Release of Persons Convicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone" (PDF). RSCSL. 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  40. ↑ "Authorities Re-Arrest Freed Sierra Leone War Crimes Convict". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2015-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  41. ↑ "RSCSL-04-14-ES: The Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa Decision on the Defence' [sic] Oral Application for the Release of Moinina Fofana from the Custody of the Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone Pending the Disposition of the Matter of the Alleged Violtions of the Terms of His Conditional Early Release" (PDF). RSCSL. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  42. ↑ "SCSL-03-11-I: The Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for the Continued Detention of the Accused" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-06-26. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  43. ↑ "SCSL-04-14-T: The Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa Judgement on the Sentencing of Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa" (PDF). SCSL. 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  44. ↑ "Press Release: CDF Convict Moinina Fofana Granted Conditional Early Release, Will Complete His Sentence in Bo" (PDF). RSCSL. 2015-03-12. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  45. ↑ "SCSL-03-12-I: The Prosecutor v. Allieu Kondewa Decision Approving the Indictment and Order for the Continued Detention of the Accused" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-06-26. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  46. ↑ "SCSL-03-13-I: The Prosecutor v. Santigie Borbor Kanu Decision Approving the Indictment, the Warrant of Arrest and Order for Transfer and Detention and Order for Non-Public Disclosure" (PDF). SCSL. 2003-09-16. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  47. ↑ "SCSL-05-01: The Independent Counsel v. Brima Samura Judgment in Contempt Proceedings" (PDF). SCSL. 2005-10-26. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "SCSL-04-16-T: The Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu Decision on the Report of the Independent Counsel Prusuant to Rules 77(C)iii and 77(D) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence" (PDF). SCSL. 2005-04-29. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 "SCSL-05-02/03: The Independent Counsel v. Margaret Fomba Brima, Neneh Binta Bah Jalloh and Ester Kamara / The Independent Counsel v. Anifa Kamara Sentencing Judgement in Contempt Proceedings" (PDF). SCSL. 2005-09-21. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  50. ↑ "Twitter account post". SCSL. 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-06-20. Freetown - Contempt Accused Hassan Papa Bangura aka 'Bomblast' remanded to custody on allegation he violated his bail & contacted witness.
  51. ↑ "Twitter account post". SCSL. 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2012-06-20. Freetown - Final arguments have concluded in contempt trial of Eric Senessie, & the case is with the Judge. Accused is remanded in custody.
  52. ↑ "SCSL-2011-01-T: The Prosecutor v. Eric Senessie Sentencing Judgment" (PDF). SCSL. 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
  53. ↑ "Twitter account post". RSCSL. 2014-06-13. Retrieved 2014-06-15. Contempt convict Eric Koi Senessie was released this morning after serving his two year sentence for interfering with prosecution witnesses.
  54. ↑ "SCSL-03-01-T: The Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor Decision on the Report of the Independent Counsel" (PDF). SCSL. 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  55. ↑ "Press Release: Former Special Court Investigator Accused of Contempt" (PDF). SCSL. 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  56. ↑ "SCSL-12-02-A: The Independent Counsel v. Prince Taylor Judgment in Contempt Proceedings" (PDF). SCSL. 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  57. ↑ "SCSL-12-02: The Prosecutor v. Prince Taylor Decision on the Confidential – Under Seal Submission of Supplemental Confidential Report of Independent Counsel" (PDF). SCSL. 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  58. 1 2 "Africa | S Leone militia leaders convicted". BBC News. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  59. ↑ "The Prosecutor Against Charles Taylor" (PDF). SC-SL.org. 2008-10-29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  60. ↑ "Judge delivers Charles Taylor Sierra Leone atrocities verdict". BBC News. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  61. ↑ "Trial Background « The Trial of Charles Taylor". Charlestaylortrial.org. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  62. ↑ United Nations Security Council resolution 1688 Archived 9 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ↑ "The Special Court for Sierra Leone". SC-SL.org. 2008-12-10. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  64. ↑ http://livestream.xs4all.nl/icc3.asx
  65. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone - Outreach and Public Affairs Office - PRESS RELEASE - Freetown, Sierra Leone, 4 May 2009". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  66. ↑ "Prosecutor vs. Charles Taylor". Sc-sl.org. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  67. ↑ "Court to issue verdict in Charles Taylor trial next month". CNN. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  68. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone - Outreach and Public Affairs Office - PRESS RELEASE - Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1 March 2012". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  69. ↑ "Special Court for Sierra Leone - Outreach and Public Affairs Office - PRESS RELEASE - Freetown, Sierra Leone, 26 April 2012". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  70. ↑ "Charles Taylor trial highlights ICC concerns – Opinion". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  71. ↑ "Prosecutor Hollis hails the historic conviction of Charles Taylor". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  72. ↑ "Opening the other eye: Charles Taylor and selective accountability - Opinion". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  73. ↑ "One conviction, four plead not guilty to contempt charges". Sierra Express Media. 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  74. ↑ "Appeals Chamber Overturns Contempt Conviction of Former Defence Investigator Prince Taylor". Sierra Express Media. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  75. ↑ "Guilty Verdicts in the Trial of the AFRC Accused" PDF, press release from the Special Court for Sierra Leone, 20 June 2007; "Sierra Leone Convicts 3 of War Crimes", Associated Press, 20 June 2007 (hosted by The Washington Post); "First S Leone war crimes verdicts", BBC News, 20 June 2007
  76. ↑ "First S Leone war crime sentences", BBC News, 19 July 2007; Trial Chamber II judgment
  77. ↑ "Sierra Leone court upholds sentences on militia chiefs", Reuters News, 22 February 2008; Appeals Tribunal Judgement
  78. ↑ "Jail for S Leone self-defence duo" BBC News 9 October 2007; Trial Chamber I Judgment
  79. ↑ "SL Tribunal doubles prison terms" BBC News 28 May 2008; Appeals Tribunal Judgement
  80. ↑ "S Leone trio guilty of war crimes". BBC News. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  81. ↑ "Sierra Leone rebels found guilty of shocking crimes", Zambia News Net, 26 February 2009
  82. ↑ "Sierra Leone rebel leaders guilty of war crimes", Associated Press, 26 February 2009
  83. ↑ "Sierra Leone RUF rebels sentenced", BBC, 8 April 2009
  84. ↑ "UN-backed court dismisses S. Leone rebels' appeal". Reuters, 26 October 2009
  85. ↑ "Judge delivers Charles Taylor Sierra Leone atrocities verdict". BBCNews. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  86. ↑ "Judges Sentence Charels Taylor to 50 years", Time, 30 May 2012

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