Generic point

In mathematics, in the fields general topology and particularly of algebraic geometry, a generic point P of a topological space X is an algebraic way of capturing the notion of a generic property: a generic property is a property of the generic point.

Definition and motivation

A generic point of the topological space X is a point P whose closure is all of X, that is, a point that is dense in X.^[1]

The terminology arises from the case of the Zariski topology of algebraic varieties. For example having a generic point is a criterion to be an irreducible set.

Examples

• For Hausdorff spaces, this concept is of course trivial. The only Hausdorff space that has a generic point is the singleton set
• Any integral scheme has a (unique) generic point; in the case of an affine integral scheme (i.e., the prime spectrum of an integral domain) the generic point is the point associated to the prime ideal (0).

History

In the foundational approach of André Weil, developed in his Foundations of Algebraic Geometry, generic points played an important role, but were handled in a different manner. For an algebraic variety V over a field K, generic points of V were a whole class of points of V taking values in a universal domain Ω, an algebraically closed field containing K but also an infinite supply of fresh indeterminates. This approach worked, without any need to deal directly with the topology of V (K-Zariski topology, that is), because the specializations could all be discussed at the field level (as in the valuation theory approach to algebraic geometry, popular in the 1930s).

This was at a cost of there being a huge collection of equally generic points. Oscar Zariski, a colleague of Weil's at São Paulo just after World War II, always insisted that generic points should be unique. (This can be put back into topologists' terms: Weil's idea fails to give a Kolmogorov space and Zariski thinks in terms of the Kolmogorov quotient.)

In the rapid foundational changes of the 1950s Weil's approach became obsolete. In scheme theory, though, from 1957, generic points returned: this time à la Zariski. For example for R a discrete valuation ring, Spec(R) consists of two points, a generic point (coming from the prime ideal {0}) and a closed point or special point coming from the unique maximal ideal. For morphisms to Spec(R), the fiber above the special point is the special fiber, an important concept for example in reduction modulo p, monodromy theory and other theories about degeneration. The generic fiber, equally, is the fiber above the generic point. Geometry of degeneration is largely then about the passage from generic to special fibers, or in other words how specialization of parameters affects matters. (For a discrete valuation ring the topological space in question is the Sierpinski space of topologists. Other local rings have unique generic and special points, but a more complicated spectrum, since they represent general dimensions. The discrete valuation case is much like the complex unit disk, for these purposes.)

References

1. David Mumford, The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Springer 1999

• Vickers, Steven (1989). Topology via Logic. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretic Computer Science 5. p. 65. ISBN 0-521-36062-5.
• Weil, André (1946). Foundations of Algebraic Geometry. American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications XXIX.