Sport stacking

Sport stacking

A 1-10-1 being upstacked as part of the cycle stack
Highest governing body	WSSA
Nicknames	Cup stacking, speed stacking
First played	1981, Oceanside, California, U.S.[1]
Registered players	618,394 (number of worldwide participants in the Guinness World Record set in 2015)[2]
Characteristics
Contact	No
Team members	Individual, doubles, teams of 4 or 5
Mixed gender	Yes, but usually in separate divisions
Type	Indoor
Equipment	Cups, mat, timer
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide
Olympic	No

Sport stacking (also known as cup stacking or speed stacking) is an individual and team sport that involves stacking plastic cups in specific sequences in as little time as possible. The cups are specially designed to make for faster times. (See "Equipment"). The governing body setting the rule is the WSSA (World Sport Stacking Association).^[3] Participants of sport stacking stack cups in pre-determined sequences, by aligning the inside left lateral adjunct of each cup with that of the next. Sequences are usually pyramids of 3, 6, or 10 cups. Players compete against the clock or another player.

History

While working for the Boys & Girls Club of Oceanside, California in 1981, Wayne Godinet came up with the idea for sport stacking. When the children he was working with were tired of playing traditional sports, he took paper cups and asked them to stack the cups as fast as they can. The sport was well received, so Godinet decided to acquire plastic cups to be used by his club. He quickly discovered that his new plastic cups would stick together, so Godinet modified the cups by adding a hole to the bottom of the cups. He formed his own company, Karango Cupstack Co., which manufactured and distributed these modified cups in a variety of colors. By the end of the decade, Godinet estimated he had sold approximately 25,000 sets of cups. During the 1980s, Godinet hosted the annual National Cupstacking Championship in Oceanside. One of the national champions was Matt Adame, a member of Godinet's club, the "Professional Cupstack Drill Team". In November 1990, Adame and his teammates were featured on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson.^[1][4][5]

After the sport received national attention on The Tonight Show, Bob Fox, a physical education teacher from Colorado, introduced stacking to his students. Fox's enthusiasm led to the creation of the annual Colorado state tournament in 1997. In 1998, Fox, together with Larry Goers, created a line of proprietary sport stacking products including the patented timing system known as the StackMat.^[6] Fox started traveling across the country in 2000 to promote Speed Stacks full-time.^[7][8] In 2001 Fox founded the World Cup Stacking Association (WCSA) to formalize the sport's rules and sanction competitions worldwide.^[9] As the sport began to spread to neighboring states, the WCSA hosted the first Rocky Mountain Cup Stacking Championships, where Fox's daughter, Emily Fox, broke her own world record by completing the cycle in 7.43 seconds.^[10] The next year, the first WCSA World Championship took place at the Denver Coliseum and has since been held annually. The WCSA formally titled the sport "sport stacking" and changed their name to the World Sport Stacking Association (WSSA) in 2005. The WSSA cited the public recognition that stacking is considered a sport as the reason for the name change.^[11][12]

Equipment

Official sport stacking cups are specially designed to prevent sticking and to allow the competitor to go faster. The cups are reinforced with several ribs on the inside which separate the cups when they are nestled. The exterior's slightly textured to allow better grip. The insides are very smooth & slide past each other easily. The tops of the cups have 1-4 holes to allow ventilation so the cups don't stick. One special line of cups has cups without tops to further decrease air resistance.

One can purchase the specially designed "stacking mats", also called "stack mats", which are mats connected to a sensitive timer. They're used for official tournament timing, as well as casual play timing or practice timing.

Special weighted training cups, called "Super Stacks," are also available. These heavier cups are made of metal & are most commonly used directly before competing. The added weight's supposed to make the regular cups feel lighter.^[13]

Rules

There are three sequences stacked in official sport stacking events, that are defined by the rule book handed out by the WSSA:^[14]

• 3-3-3: Uses nine cups. This sequence consists of three sets of three cups each. The three sets must be stacked going from left-to-right or right-to-left, and then down-stacked into their original positions in the same order as the up-stack.
• 3-6-3: Uses 12 cups. This sequence is similar to the 3-3-3, except a six stack replaces the three stack in the middle. Each pile of cups is stacked up from left-to-right or right-to-left, and the down-stack occurs in the same order.
• Cycle: Uses 12 cups. This is a sequence of stacks in the following order: a 3-6-3 stack (see above), a 6-6 stack (two pyramids of six cups stacked up and down into one containing all twelve cups altogether) and a 1-10-1 stack (a pyramid of ten cups in the middle), finishing in a down stacked 3-6-3.

Common for all sequences are these major rules:^[14]

• You may not up-stack two pyramids at the same time, but in the down-stack, it is okay to touch two stacks at the same time.
• If a stack is not completed correctly (such as when a cup or cups falls off the pyramid, considered a "fumble")^[15] you must correct it immediately. The only exception to this rule is if the cups fall over during the down-stack. If this happens, the player may continue the down-stack normally and correct the fallen stack when you reach it.

There are three main categories of competing that WSSA-sanctioned tournaments offer:

• Individual: Each competitor is allowed two warm-ups and three timed tries for each sequence. The best time for each sequence is recorded and compared with other competitors. In the case of a tie, the second-best times are used.
• Doubles: Two competitors stand side-by-side to complete the stack, with one competitor using only his or her right hand while the other using only his or her left hand. The same rules for individuals apply here. The only official doubles event is the Cycle (with the exception of the "Special Stackers" category, where only the 3-6-3 is offered).
• Relay: Four competitors take turns stacking at a table, switching when the preceding competitor crosses the foul line with at least one foot. The foul line is observed by a line judge, who decides whether or not this rule was followed. The 3-6-3 relay is the only official event; however, some tournaments offer head-to-head (best 2 out of 3) 3-6-3 and Cycle relays. There are no warm-ups in this event.^[16]

Benefits

Proponents of the sport say participants learn cooperation, ambidexterity & hand–eye coordination. Scientific research has confirmed these claims:

• A university study by Dr. Brian Udermann, currently at the University of Wisconsin-Lacrosse, confirms that stacking improves hand–eye coordination & reaction time by up to 30% (published in the scientific Journal "Perceptual & Motor Skills" in 2004)^[17]
• An EEG-study by Melanie A. Hart, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences at the Texas Tech University support the claim that cup stacking does utilize both sides of the brain. During the left-hand condition, activity in the right hemisphere was larger than the left, while for the right-hand task, the left hemisphere was greater than the right. Their scientific poster on that topic got awarded by the AAHPERD^[18][19] On the other hand, Hart couldn't get the same results as Udermann when studying improvement on reaction time.^[20]
• A 3rd group (Gibbons, E., Hendrick, J. L., & Bauer, J. State University of New York) studied the effects on the reaction time & confirmed Udermann rather than Hart, stating "that the results agreed with the claims made by Speed Stacks, in which practicing cup stacking can improve reaction time.^[21] They also state "Even 1 hour of cup stacking practice can improve reaction time in young adults." Speed stacking helps people improve in other sports, because it helps to improve the hand–eye coordination.
• The Department of Kinesiology of the Towson University, Towson, MD studied the influence of participation in a 6-week bimanual coordination program on Grade 5 students' reading achievement with Sport Stacking being the bimanual activity. A significant increase was found for the experimental group on Comprehension skills, proving once and for all that Sport Stacking may improve students' reading comprehension skills, regardless of sex. Published June 2007.^[22]
• In 2007 Cupstacking itself got a scientific test in a study at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas.^[23]

Competition

Most sport stacking competitions are geared toward children, with for ages 18 & under. There are also divisions for "Special Stackers" (disabled competitors).

The WSSA has set the following protocol for the setting of world records:^[24]

1. Must use WSSA-approved sport stacking cups.
2. Must use a StackMat and tournament display.
3. Must be video taped for review and verification purposes.
4. Must use 3 judges (one designated Head Judge) to judge each try. After each try the 3 judges confer. The head judge will then designate with a color-coded card the outcome of that try. (Green-clean run, yellow-try in question (immediate video review) & red–scratch.)
5. A finals judge may not be a family member or the sport stacking instructor of the stacker.

The competition's divided into 12 different age divisions, ranging from 6 & under to seniors (60 & up). State, national & world records are recorded on the WSSA website.

World Records

|  William Orrell (USA) |- | 3-6-3 | 1.793 |  William Orrell (USA) |- | Cycle |5.00 |  William Orrell (USA) |- |}

Female

Event	Time	Stacker
3-3-3	1.562	Si Eun Kim (KOR)
3-6-3	1.946	Si Eun Kim (KOR)
Cycle	5.564	Chu-Chung Yang (TWN)

Combined

Event	Time	Stackers
Doubles	5.953	William Orrell (USA)  William Polly (USA)
3-6-3 Relay	12.212	Fantastic Four  Zhewei Wu (USA)  William Polly (USA)  Chandler Miller (USA)  William Orrell (USA)

Popular culture

• In The Flash (2014 TV series) episode "King Shark", Wally, Barry, Iris and Joe played a game of sport stacking. Iris challenges Barry to beat Wally but Barry declines because he is not interested.
• In the Phineas & Ferb episode "Thaddeus & Thor", Dr. Doofenshmirtz shows Perry the Platypus a demonstration of his speed stacking. Doofenshmirtz says "See, I hold the cup stacking world record, but does my mother care? NO!" However, it shows the wrong sequences; Doofenshmirtz performs the 6-6 phase in the cycle stack, but he upstacks it at the same time then constructs fictional pyramids. The whole thing lasted 1.771 seconds. When Phineas & Ferb build the fort against Thaddeus & Thor, Candace is trying to let her Mom see the largest fort but she doesn't want to leave until Candace cleans the mess she made in the kitchen earlier, when she literally "threw the groceries in the kitchen". While she rushes to stack cans in the cupboard, Dr. Doofenshmirtz shudders & says to Perry, "I've just felt a disturbance in the cup stacking universe; I think my record's been broken."
• In the Zeke & Luther episode "The Big Red Stacking Machine", Zeke and Luther are preparing to set a new 2-man butt-boarding record. Things seem set until their training gets interrupted by Luther's new-found fascination with cup stacking. Possessing a natural talent for the sport, Luther fakes a stomach ache so he can get out of butt-board training with Zeke & enter a local cup stacking tournament. After learning that Luther has won the cup stacking tournament, Zeke enlists Stinky to be his new butt-boarding partner.
• In The Cleveland Show episode "Ladies' Night", Rallo plays a game of cup stacking with a time of 8.350 seconds, but gets disappointed & throws the cups away. There's another cup stacking sequence in which Rallo upstacks a 10-stack upside down, 1 cup at the bottom & the rest stacked inside of each cup.

The 2010 film, Stacker, was directed, produced, and released by Danger Films & features some of the most prominent stackers in the country, including: The Purugganan family, the Myers family, Lawrence Maceren, Drew Wilfahrt, Tyler Cole, Emma Slabach, The Haig family, & several others.

• The internet film Stacks of Glory is a mockumentary starring sport stacking champion Luke Myers.
• The Dr. Pepper Commercial in 2013.
• The McDonald's Commercial in 2011.

See also

• Dice stacking

Sources

1. Filippe, Lynn (1990-12-20). "In Their Cups and Proud of It". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
2. "2015 WSSA STACK UP!". World Sport Stacking Association. 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
3. World Sport Stacking Association (The WSSA)
4. Manna, Marcia (2009-07-04). "Cup-stackers to try their hands at event". The San Diego Union-Tribune (Oceanside). Retrieved 2015-07-02.
5. Ellis, Jeff (2008-11-12). "Cup stacking, street credibility". The Daily Barometer. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
6. US Patent 6940783, "Mat for timing competitions", published 2005-09-06, assigned to Speed Stacks, Inc. 
7. "History of Sport Stacking". Speed Stacks - The Official Cup of the World Sport Stacking Association (Sport Stacking). Retrieved 2015-07-03.
8. Sefton, Dru (2004-11-29). "Cup stacking benefits add up". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
9. Cathy, Proctor (2009-09-09). "Speed stacking a sport? Revenue keeps growing". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
10. Wlazelek, Ann (2006-04-02). "Hoping their cups don't falleth over". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
11. "About the WSSA". World Sport Stacking Association (The WSSA). Retrieved 2015-07-03.
12. "The 2006 WSSA World Sport Stacking Championships Draw the Fastest Competitors from around the World; Over 1,000 Competitors Set to Compete in the Ultimate Sport Stacking Championship" (Press release). 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
13. Speed Stacks
14. Official rule Book of the World Sport Stacking Association, Version 5.0 as released in 2009, http://www.worldsportstackingassociation.org/tournament_guide/tg09/WSSA%20Rule%20Book%20v%205.0.pdf
15. http://www.speedstacks.com/about/lingo.php
16. http://www.thewssa.com/competitive_stacks/
17. Edermann, Brian; Mayer, John; Murray, Steven; Sagendorf, Kenneth (2004). "Influence of Cup Stacking on Hand-Eye Coordination and Reaction Time of Second-Grade Students" (PDF). Perceptual and Motor Skills (Ammons Scientific) 98 (2): 409–14. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
18. Texas Tech University :: Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, HESS - Melanie Hart
19. Brain Activation Patterns During Participation in Cup Stacking (Motor Behavior)
20. Hart, Melanie; DeChant, Ann; Smith, Lori (2005). "Influence of Participation in a Cup-Stacking Unit on Timing Tasks" (PDF). Perceptual and Motor Skills (Ammons Scientific) 101 (1): 869–76. doi:10.2466/PMS.101.7.869-876. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
21. http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/hendrick/aahperdposter%20-%20S07.pdf
22. Uhrich TA, Swalm RL: A pilot study of a possible effect from a motor task on reading performance.. Percept bum hole MotbubSkills. 2007 Jun;104(3 Pt 1):1035-41.
23. Granados C, Wulf G.: Enhancing motor learning through dyad practice: contributions of observation and dialogue. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2007 Jun;78(3):197-203.
24. http://worldsportstackingassociation.org/rules/video_verification.htm

External links

• Speed Stacks
• World Sport Stacking Association