Speed limits in the United States

Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of 35 mph (56 km/h) to a rural high of 85 mph (137 km/h). Speed limits are typically posted in increments of five miles per hour (mph). Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, and occasionally there are minimum speed limits. Most speed limits are set by state or local statute, although each state allows various subdivisions (counties and municipalities) to set a different, generally lower, limit.

The highest speed limits are generally 75–85 mph (121–137 km/h) in western states and 70 mph (110 km/h) in eastern states. A few states, mainly in the Northeast Megalopolis, as well as Puerto Rico, have 65 mph (105 km/h) limits. Hawaii has a maximum limit of 60 mph (97 km/h). Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a maximum speed limit of 55 mph (90 km/h), and Guam and the Samoa have speed limits of 45 mph (70 km/h). Portions of the Idaho, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming road networks have 80 mph (130 km/h) limits. For 13 years (1974–1987), federal law prohibited speed limits above 55 mph (89 km/h). From 1987 through December 8, 1995, an amended federal law prohibited speed limits above 65 mph (105 km/h).

A standard sign indicating a speed limit of 80 miles per hour (mph), a night-time speed limit of 65 mph, and a truck speed limit of 55 mph
A speed limit sign entering a school zone, along with a warning light above
Variety used in Oregon, omitting the word LIMIT. The typeface of the numerals varies significantly due to its non-standard design. See Oregon speed limits.

Overview

Speed limits

This table contains the most usual daytime speed limits, in miles per hour, on typical roads in each category. The values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest. They usually indicate, but not always, statutory speed limits. Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks. If present, they are usually only on freeways or other high speed roadways.

State or territoryFreeway (rural)Freeway (trucks)Freeway (urban)Divided (rural)Undivided (rural)Residential
Alabama Alabama[1]65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)15–25 mph (24–40 km/h)
Alaska Alaska60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
American Samoa American Samoa[2]–––45 mph (72 km/h)25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)15 mph (24 km/h)
Arizona Arizona[3]65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)25–65 mph (40–105 km/h)15–25 mph (24–40 km/h)
Arkansas Arkansas70 mph (113 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)30 mph (48 km/h)
California California65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)
Colorado Colorado65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)35–65 mph (56–105 km/h)20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Connecticut Connecticut65 mph (105 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)20–40 mph (32–64 km/h)
Delaware Delaware[4]65 mph (105 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)50 mph (80 km/h)20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia[5]––45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)––15–25 mph (24–40 km/h)
Florida Florida[6]70 mph (113 km/h)40–70 mph (64–113 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)25–60 mph (40–97 km/h)10–50 mph (16–80 km/h)
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia[7]70 mph (113 km/h)50–70 mph (80–113 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
Guam Guam[8]–––35–45 mph (56–72 km/h)35–45 mph (56–72 km/h)
Hawaii Hawaii55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)35–50 mph (56–80 km/h)50 mph (80 km/h)45 mph (72 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Idaho Idaho65–80 mph (105–129 km/h)70 mph (113 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)70 mph (113 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)
Illinois Illinois70 mph (113 km/h)45–70 mph (72–113 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Indiana Indiana70 mph (113 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Iowa Iowa70 mph (113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Kansas Kansas75 mph (121 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Kentucky Kentucky[9]70 mph (113 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
Louisiana Louisiana70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)10–45 mph (16–72 km/h)
Maine Maine70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
Maryland Maryland65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)40–65 mph (64–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)15–25 mph (24–40 km/h)
Massachusetts Massachusetts65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Michigan Michigan[10]70 mph (113 km/h)60 mph (97 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Minnesota Minnesota[11][12]70 mph (113 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)30 mph (48 km/h)
Mississippi Mississippi70 mph (113 km/h)60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Missouri Missouri70 mph (113 km/h)60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)25–40 mph (40–64 km/h)
State or territoryFreeway (rural)Freeway (trucks)Freeway (urban)Divided (rural)Undivided (rural)Residential
Montana Montana75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)15–25 mph (24–40 km/h)
Nebraska Nebraska[13]75 mph (121 km/h)60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Nevada Nevada70–80 mph (113–129 km/h)60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)15–30 mph (24–48 km/h)
New Hampshire New Hampshire65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
New Jersey New Jersey[14][15]65 mph (105 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)30–55 mph (48–89 km/h)15–35 mph (24–56 km/h)
New Mexico New Mexico[16]75 mph (121 km/h)55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)25–65 mph (40–105 km/h)15–55 mph (24–89 km/h)
New York New York65 mph (105 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)15–45 mph (24–72 km/h)
North Carolina North Carolina[17][18][19]65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
North Dakota North Dakota[20][21]75 mph (121 km/h)55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)70 mph (113 km/h)40–70 mph (64–113 km/h)5–55 mph (8.0–88.5 km/h)
Ohio Ohio[22]70 mph (113 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Oklahoma Oklahoma70 mph (113 km/h) (75 mph (121 km/h) turnpikes)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)25 mph (40 km/h)
Oregon Oregon60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)15–35 mph (24–56 km/h)
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico[23]60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)15–35 mph (24–56 km/h)
Rhode Island Rhode Island[24]65 mph (105 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)50 mph (80 km/h)20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
South Carolina South Carolina[25]70 mph (113 km/h)60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)60 mph (97 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)30 mph (48 km/h)
South Dakota South Dakota[26][27]75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)35–65 mph (56–105 km/h)15–45 mph (24–72 km/h)
Tennessee Tennessee70 mph (113 km/h)55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)30 mph (48 km/h)
Texas Texas75–85 mph (121–137 km/h)60–75 mph (97–121 km/h)75 mph (121 km/h)60–75 mph (97–121 km/h)25–55 mph (40–89 km/h)
United States Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands[28]–––55 mph (89 km/h)20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)20 mph (32 km/h)
Utah Utah[29][30]75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)55–80 mph (89–129 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Vermont Vermont65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
Virginia Virginia[31]65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)15–35 mph (24–56 km/h)
Washington (state) Washington70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)60 mph (97 km/h)60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)20–50 mph (32–80 km/h)
West Virginia West Virginia60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)15–55 mph (24–89 km/h)
Wisconsin Wisconsin[32]70 mph (113 km/h)55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)65 mph (105 km/h)55 mph (89 km/h)15–35 mph (24–56 km/h)
Wyoming Wyoming[33]75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)70 mph (113 km/h)70 mph (113 km/h)30 mph (48 km/h)

Examples of related laws

StateTypical fineRecklessness threshold or enhanced penaltyAbsolute/prima facieTicket dismissal optionsPoint system
 North Carolina$10–$50 plus court costs.[34] Speeding fines in work zones and school zones are $250 plus court costs.>15 mph over limit (at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph) or over 80 mphAbsolutePrayer for judgment continued (PJC) available depending on the court and subject to their discretion, but not available for charges of exceeding a speed limit by more than 25 mph.Point system may lead to license suspension. Exceeding the speed limit by more than 15 mph with a speed of greater than 55 mph or travelling faster than 80 mph results in a minimum 30-day license suspension.[35]
 Pennsylvania$35[36] plus court and other costs. All fines doubled in active work zones.>30 mph over limitAbsoluteNonePoint system leads to mandatory driver education and possible license suspension.
 Texas$1–$20[37] plus court fees. Doubled in active school zones when children are present or construction zones when workers are present.[38] Various additional "fees" assessed by the state essentially increase the fine by around $100 on all tickets.None[39]Prima facie[40]Defensive driving[41] (once per year) or deferred disposition[42] (restrictions vary, but generally at least 4 per year), but only valid if:
  • Texas resident,
  • Speed < 25 mph above limit and < 95 mph, and
  • Not in construction zone where workers are present or active school zone.
  • Not a Commercial Driver License (CDL) holder.
 Point system is annual surcharge only. No provision for license suspension if surcharges are paid.[43]
 Rhode Island Prima facie One dismissal every 3 years for speed 14 mph or less over limit.[44]
 Virginia
  • Up to $250[45]
  • School zone: up to $250 additional[46]
  • Work zone: up to $500[47]
  • $200 civil penalty in certain towns[48]
 20 mph over limit or over 80 mph[49] or.[50] Absolute[51] Point system[52] leading to fines, suspension, and mandatory driver education.[53]

History

One of the first speed limits in the United States was set in Boston in 1701 by the board of selectmen (similar to a city council):

Ordered, That no person whatsoever Shall at any time hereafter ride or drive a gallop or other extream pace within any of the Streets, lanes, or alleys in this Town on penalty of forfeiting three Shillings for every such offence, and it may be lawfull for any of the Inhabitants of this Town to make Stop of such horse or Rider untill the name of the offender be known in order to prosecution[54]

Federal speed controls

A sign next to a highway says "Speed Limit 50". A newspaper in the foreground has an article about the new speed limit.
In 1973, Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h). Some states, such as Washington, enacted lower speed limits.
For more details on this topic, see National Maximum Speed Law.

In response to the 1973 oil crisis, Congress enacted the National Maximum Speed Law that created the universal 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) speed limit. Whether this reduced gasoline consumption is debated and the impact on safety is unclear; studies and opinions of safety advocates are mixed.

The law was widely disregarded by motorists, even after the national maximum was increased to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) on certain roads in 1987 and 1988. In 1995, the law was repealed, returning the choice of speed limit to each state.

Minimum speed limits

In addition to the legally defined maximum speed, minimum speed limits may be applicable. Occasionally, there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads, generally freeways.

Comparable to the common basic speed rule, most jurisdictions also have laws prohibiting speeds so low they are dangerous or impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic.

Truck speed limits

Some jurisdictions set lower speed limits that are applicable only to large commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses. While they are called "truck speed limits", they generally do not apply to light trucks.

Theory

The research record is mixed. A 1987 study finds that crash involvement significantly increases when trucks drive much slower than passenger vehicles,[55] suggesting that the difference in speed between passenger vehicles and slower trucks could cause crashes that otherwise may not happen. Furthermore, in a review of available research, the Transportation Research Board (part of the United States National Research Council) states "[no] conclusive evidence could be found to support or reject the use of differential speed limits for passenger cars and heavy trucks" (page 11) and "a strong case cannot be made on empirical grounds in support of or in opposition to differential speed limits" (page 109).[56]

One study has claimed that two thirds (67%) of truck/passenger car crashes are the fault of the passenger vehicle.[57]

Night speed limits

Night speed limit in the Key Deer habitat on the Florida Keys. Note the nonreflective backing of the day speed limit number. At night, only the number on the lower sign is visible in the headlights.

The basic speed rule requires drivers adjust speeds to the conditions. This is usually relied upon to regulate proper night speed reductions, if required. Numeric night speed limits, which generally begin 30 minutes after sunset and end 30 minutes before sunrise, are occasionally used where, in theory, safety problems require a speed lower than what is self-selected by drivers.

Examples include:

Some states create arbitrary night speed limits applicable to entire classes of roads. Until September 2011, Texas had a statutory 65 mph night speed limit for all roads with a higher limit. Montana has a statutory 65 mph night speed limit on all federal, state, and secondary roads except for Interstates.

Political considerations

Inconsistency

70 mph limit on Texas Farm to Market Road 50 immediately south of Texas State Highway 21

Subjective or political influence on speed limits is evident by state-to-state speed limit variances that have no empirical justification. Highlighted examples include:

Even in-state examples point to inconsistencies. For example, I-10 and I-20 in far west Texas have had the following speed limits despite no significant changes in roadway characteristics:

Financial concerns

Traffic violations can be a lucrative income source for jurisdictions and insurance companies. For example:

Thus, an authority that sets and enforces speed limits, such as a state government, regulates and taxes insurance companies, who also gain revenue from speeding enforcement. Furthermore, such an authority often requires "all" drivers to have policies with those same companies, solidifying the association between the state and auto insurers. If a driver cannot be covered under an insurance policy because of high risk, the state will assume that high risk for a greater monetary amount; thus resulting in even more revenue generation for the state.[65]

When a speed limit is used to generate revenue but has no safety justification, it is called a speed trap. The town of New Rome, Ohio was such a speed trap, where speeding tickets raised up to $400,000 per year to fund the police department of a 12-acre village with 60 residents.[66]

Environmental concerns

Reduced speed limits are sometimes enacted for air quality reasons. The most prominent example includes Texas' environmental speed limits.

Metric speed limits

The values of metric speed limits in the US are to be circumscribed in accordance with the MUTCD.

Though not common in the United States, a speed limit may be defined in kilometers per hour (km/h) as well as miles per hour (mph). The Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which provides guidelines for speed limit signage, states that "speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 km/h or 5 mph."[67] If a speed limit sign indicates km/h, the number is circumscribed and "km/h" is written below. Prior to 2003, metric speed limits were designated using the standard speed limit sign, usually with yellow supplemental "METRIC" and "km/h" plaques above it and below it, respectively.[68][69]

In 1995, the National Highway System Designation Act prohibited use of federal funds to finance new metric signage.

Definition of speeding

Either of the following qualifies a crash as speed-related in accordance with U.S. government rules:[70]

  1. Exceeding speed limits.
  2. Driving too fast for conditions.

Speeds in excess of speed limits account for most speed-related traffic citations; generally, "driving too fast for conditions" tickets are issued only after an incident where the ticket issuer found tangible evidence of unreasonable speed, such as a crash.

A criticism of the "exceeding speed limits" definition of speeding is twofold:

  1. When speed limits are arbitrary, such as when set through political rather than empirical processes, the speed limit's relationship to the maximum safe speed is weakened or intentionally eliminated. Therefore, a crash can be counted as speed-related even if it occurs at a safe speed, simply because the speed was in excess of a politically determined limit.
  2. The effective limit may still be too fast for certain conditions, such as limited visibility or reduced road traction[71] or even low-speed truck rollovers on exit ramps.[72]

Variable speed limits offer some potential to reduce speed-related crashes. However, due to the high cost of implementation, they exist primarily on freeways. Furthermore, most speed-related crashes occur on local and collector roads, which generally have far lower speed limits and prevailing speeds than freeways.[73]

Prima facie

Most states have absolute speed limits, meaning that a speed in excess of the limit is illegal per se. However, some states have prima facie speed limits.[74] This allows motorists to defend against a speeding charge if it can be proven that the speed was in fact reasonable and prudent.

Speed limits in Texas,[75] Utah,[76] and Rhode Island are prima facie. Some other states have a hybrid system: speed limits may be prima facie up to a certain speed or only on certain roads. For example, speed limits in California up to 55 mph, or 65 mph on highways, are prima facie, and those at or above those speeds are absolute.[77]

A successful prima facie defense is rare. Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused, a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket, such as an expert witness. Furthermore, because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court, such a defense is difficult for out-of-town motorists.

See also

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ Alabama Department of Public Safety rem New link for Alabama DPS Speed Limits http://www.dps.alabama.gov/Home/wfContentTableColumned.aspx?ID=40&PLH1=HPSPEEDLIMITS
    2. ↑ American Samoa Code Section 22.0323 , and Frommer's
    3. ↑ Arizona Statutes Chapter 3 Article 6 State Legislature
    4. ↑ "Subchapter VIII. Speed Restrictions.". Delaware State Legislature. May 19, 2008.
    5. ↑ District of Columbia Municipal Regulations Title 18 – Vehicle and Traffic (March 1997), chapter 22 "Moving Violations"
    6. ↑ http://www.dot.state.fl.us/trafficoperations/FAQs/SpeedLimitFAQ.shtm
    7. ↑ "HB 674 – Maximus Speed Limots; vehicles having greater than 6 wheels.". Georgia House of Representatives. May 21, 2008.
    8. ↑ Guam Code Annotated Title 16 Chapter 3 Article 3 § 3301., and
    9. ↑ "SENATE TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE APPROVES SPEED LIMIT INCREASE". Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. February 1, 2006.
    10. ↑ "Public Michigan Vehicle code: Speed Restrictions". Michigan Legislature. November 9, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
    11. ↑ 169.14, Minnesota Statute. Revisor.leg.state.mn.us (August 1, 2009).
    12. ↑ HEAT Speed Management Program. Dot.state.mn.us.
    13. ↑ http://www.nebraskatransportation.org/docs/speed-limit.pdf
    14. ↑ "Chapter 4 Safe Driving Rules & Regulations, (N.J.S.A. 39:4–98).". New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission. April 24, 2008.
    15. ↑ "Appendix A Designated 65mph Roadway Segments." (PDF). State of New Jersey & New Jersey Department of Transportation. April 24, 2008.
    16. ↑ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 part 4 Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org
    17. ↑ "North Carolina General Statutes § 20-141(d)(2). Speed restrictions." (PDF). North Carolina State Legislature. April 23, 2008.
    18. ↑ "NCDOT, Strategic Highway Corridors, Facility Types and Control Of Access Definitions.". North Carolina Department Of Transportation. April 23, 2008.
    19. ↑ "North Carolina General Statutes § 20-141. Speed restrictions.". North Carolina State Legislature. April 23, 2008.
    20. ↑ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t39c09.pdf
    21. ↑ North Dakota Speed Zone Map
    22. ↑ http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing.com/oh/lpExt.dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp=PORC
    23. ↑ § 5122. Maximum lawful speed limits and penalties., Subchapter IV, Chapter 27, Title 9 of the Laws of Puerto Rico
    24. ↑ "Rhode Island Division Of Motor Vehicles: General Information". State Of Rhode Island, Division Of Motor Vehicles. May 27, 2008.
    25. ↑ "S.C. Code Of Laws Title 56 Chapter 5 Uniform Act Regulating Traffic On Highways.". South Carolina State Legislature. May 1, 2008.
    26. ↑ "Maximum posted speed limits". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
    27. ↑ "What are the speed limits in South Dakota?". South Dakota Highway Patrol. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
    28. ↑ Section 494. speed limits, Chapter 43, Part II, Title 20 of the Virgin Islands Code , and from a NHTSA summary
    29. ↑ Troopers plan to strictly enforce new 80 mph speed limit. ksl.com (January 5, 2009).
    30. ↑ Utah Code 41-6a-601 - Speed regulations. le.utah.gov.
    31. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-870. Leg1.state.va.us.
    32. ↑ Wisconsin Statute 346.57. (PDF).
    33. ↑ Wyoming Statutes. Legisweb.state.wy.us.
    34. ↑ http://www.nccourts.org/Courts/Trial/Documents/01_traffic-waiv2013.pdf
    35. ↑
    36. ↑ http://www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/vehicle_code/chapter33.pdf
    37. ↑ TRANSPORTATION CODE CHAPTER 542. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    38. ↑ TRANSPORTATION CODE CHAPTER 542. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    39. ↑ TRANSPORTATION CODE CHAPTER 545. OPERATION AND MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    40. ↑ TRANSPORTATION CODE CHAPTER 545. OPERATION AND MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    41. ↑ CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 45. JUSTICE AND MUNICIPAL COURTS. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    42. ↑ CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 45. JUSTICE AND MUNICIPAL COURTS. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    43. ↑ TRANSPORTATION CODE CHAPTER 708. DRIVER RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
    44. ↑ Revised Statutes – Browse Document
    45. ↑ Va. Code § 18.2–11. Leg1.state.va.us.
    46. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-873. Leg1.state.va.us.
    47. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2–878.1. Leg1.state.va.us (July 1, 2012).
    48. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2–874.1. Leg1.state.va.us.
    49. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-862. Leg1.state.va.us.
    50. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-861. Leg1.state.va.us.
    51. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-878. Leg1.state.va.us.
    52. ↑ Va. Code § 46.2-492. Leg1.state.va.us.
    53. ↑ Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Motor Vehicles, "Moving Violations and Point Assessments". Dmv.virginia.gov (May 14, 2007).
    54. ↑ A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston containing the Boston Records From 1700 to 1728 8. Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers. 1883. p. 12.
    55. ↑ table V-4. (PDF).
    56. ↑ Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits. Trb.org.
    57. ↑ The Unsafe Driving Acts of Motorists in the Vicinity of Large Trucks. (PDF).
    58. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/25/us/montana-s-speed-limit-of-mph-is-overturned-as-too-vague.html
    59. ↑ Small North Texas town tops list in speeding-ticket revenue | wfaa.com Dallas – Fort Worth. Wfaa.com (March 23, 2010).
    60. ↑ Traffic Tickets Are Big Business. Blog.motorists.org (November 16, 2010).
    61. ↑ St. Louis Fed: WP 2006-048C "Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror: Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets". Research.stlouisfed.org.
    62. ↑ Dallas County commissioners propose deal to eliminate traffic units, Dallas Morning News, June 27, 2008
    63. ↑ As motorists’ frustration rises, justices of the peace pull out of automated ticket payment program, Dallas Morning News, July 5, 2008
    64. ↑ Dallas County to scrap central collections for traffic tickets, Dallas Morning News, July 7, 2008
    65. ↑ Stephen Moore on Speed Limits on National Review Online. Nationalreview.com (June 25, 2003).
    66. ↑ Matt Hannafin (April 11, 2008). Highway Robbery: Coping with the Great American Speed Trap. Frommer's (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). Retrieved September 8, 2012.
    67. ↑ FHWA – MUTCD – 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 2B. Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov.
    68. ↑ MUTCD and metric road signs in the US. Lamar.colostate.edu.
    69. ↑ New York Roads – I-87 – Northway. Alpsroads.net.
    70. ↑ U.S. federal government brochure Archived September 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
    71. ↑ Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed, Publication No. FHWA-RD-98-154 Archived June 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
    72. ↑ Vehicular Stability Systems (VSS) – Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Fmcsa.dot.gov.
    73. ↑ Archived May 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
    74. ↑ State Traffic and Speed Laws. Mit.edu.
    75. ↑ Texas Transportation Code §545.351 and §545.352. Texas Legislature.
    76. ↑ Utah State Legislature. Le.utah.gov.
    77. ↑

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