St Paul's, Covent Garden

For the civil parish abolished in 1922, see St Paul Covent Garden.
St. Paul's, Covent Garden
51°30′41″N 0°7′27″W / 51.51139°N 0.12417°W / 51.51139; -0.12417Coordinates: 51°30′41″N 0°7′27″W / 51.51139°N 0.12417°W / 51.51139; -0.12417
Country United Kingdom
Denomination Church of England
Architecture
Architect(s) Inigo Jones
Administration
Diocese London

St Paul's Church, also commonly known as the Actors' Church,[1] is a church designed by Inigo Jones as part of a commission for the 4th Earl of Bedford in 1631 to create "houses and buildings fitt for the habitacons of Gentlemen and men of ability" in Covent Garden, London, England.[2]

As well as being the parish church of Covent Garden, the church gained its nickname by a long association with the theatre community.

History

In 1630, the 4th Earl of Bedford was given permission to demolish buildings on an area of land he owned north of the Strand, and redevelop it. The result was the Covent Garden Piazza, the first formal square in London. The new buildings were classical in character. At the west end was a church, linked to two identical houses. The south side was left open.[3]

St Paul's was the first entirely new church to be built in London since the Reformation.[3] The design of the church, and the layout of the square, has been attributed to Inigo Jones since the 17th century, although firm documentary evidence is lacking.[4] According to an often repeated story, recorded by Horace Walpole, Lord Bedford asked Jones to design a simple church "not much better than a barn", to which the architect replied "Then you shall have the handsomest barn in England".[5]

Work on the church was completed in 1633, at a cost of to Bedford estate of £4,886, but it was not consecrated until 1638 due to a dispute between the earl and the vicar of St Martin-in-the-Fields. It remained a chapel within the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields until 1645, when Covent Garden was made a separate parish and the church dedicated to St. Paul.[4]

In 1789 there was a major restoration of the church, under the direction of the architect Thomas Hardwick.[4] Six years later, in September 1795, the church was burnt out by a fire, accidentally started by workmen on the roof.[6] A survey of the damage found that the outer walls were still structurally sound, but that the portico would have to be reconstructed. It is unclear whether this was in fact done. Having been restored once more, again under Hardwick's supervision, the church was reconsecrated, on 1 August 1798.[4] Despite the destruction, the parish records were saved, as was the pulpit — the work of Grinling Gibbons.[7]

The puritan Thomas Manton ministered from the pulpit of St Paul's until the Great Ejection. On 23 September 1662 Simon Patrick, later Bishop of Ely, was preferred to the rectory of St. Paul’s where he served during the plague.

The first known victim of the 1665–1666 outbreak of the Plague in England, Margaret Ponteous, was buried in the churchyard on 12 April 1665.

Architecture

Covent Garden Piazza painted in 1737 by Balthazar Nebot

The building is described by Sir John Summerson as "a study in the strictly Vitruvian Tuscan Order" and "almost an archaeological exercise".[8][3] The description of a Tuscan or Etruscan-style temple in Vitruvius,[9] which Jones closely follows in this building, reflects the early forms of Roman temple, which essentially continued Etruscan architecture, though quite what Vitruvius intended by his account has divided modern scholars.[10] It has been seen as a work of deliberate primitivism: the Tuscan order is associated by Palladio with agricultural buildings.[3]

The east end, facing the piazza, is faced in stone, with a massive portico, its boldly-projecting pediment supported by two columns and two piers. There were originally three doorways behind the portico; the middle one, which survives, was built as a false door as the interior wall behind it is occupied by the altar.[6] The other two were blocked up in the 19th century, when the chancel floor was raised.[4] The main entrance to the church is through the plainer west front, which has a pediment, but no portico.[6] William Prynne, writing in 1638 said that it was originally intended to have the altar at the west end, but pressure from the church hierarchy led to the imposition of the traditional orientation.[4]

West entrance of St. Paul's and garden

The earliest existing detailed description, dating from 1708, says that the exterior was not of bare brick, but rendered with stucco. In 1789 it was decided to case the walls in Portland stone as part of a major programme of renovation, which Thomas Hardwick was chosen to supervise. At the same time the tiled roof was replaced with slate, the dormer windows, added in the 1640s, were removed,[4] and the archways flanking the church, originally of stuccoed brick, were replaced with stone replicas.[6] When Hardwick's stone facing was removed from the church in 1888; it was found to be a thin covering less than three inches thick, poorly bonded to the brick. The building was then reclad in the present unrendered red brick.[4]

There were originally six or seven steps leading up to the portico, but these disappeared as the level of the Piazza was raised gradually over the years. By 1823 there were only two steps visible, and none by 1887.[4] The arches at the side of the portico were substantially widened and raised during a restoration of 1878–82 by Henry Clutton,[11] The 9th Duke of Bedford's architect.[4] Clutton also removed the bell-turret over the western pediment.[11]

The interior is a single space, undivided by piers or columns. The eastern third was originally marked out as a chancel by means of the floor being raised by one step. The level was raised further during alterations by William Butterfield in 1871–72. The church was built without galleries, but they were soon added on three sides. Hardwick included them in his rebuilding, and the western one remains today.[4]

Theatrical connections

St Paul's connection with the theatre began as early as 1663 with the establishment of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and was further assured in 1723 with the opening of Covent Garden Theatre, now the Royal Opera House.

On 9 May 1662, Samuel Pepys noted in his diary the first "Italian puppet play" under the portico — the first recorded performance of "Punch and Judy", a fact commemorated by the annual MayFayre service in May.

The portico of St Paul's was the setting for the first scene of Shaw's Pygmalion, the play that was later adapted as My Fair Lady.

Plaque to the side of St Paul's Lightwell

Since 2007 St Paul's has been home to its own in-house professional theatre company, Iris Theatre, originally created to mount a production of T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral. It gained full charitable status in October 2009.[12]

Baptisms, burials and memorials

The artist J. M. W. Turner and dramatist Sir William S. Gilbert (of Gilbert and Sullivan fame) were both baptised at St Paul's.

Samuel Butler (1613–1680), of Hudibras fame, was buried at St. Paul's, Covent Garden. Aubrey in Brief Lives describes his grave as "being in the north part next to the church at the east end.. 2 yards distant from the pillaster of the dore".[13] His grave was never marked. A monument to him was placed in Westminster Abbey in 1732 by a printer with the surname Barber, and the Lord Mayor of London.[14]

Among others also buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, are Grinling Gibbons, Sir Peter Lely, Thomas Arne (composer of "Rule Britannia") and the Australian conductor Sir Charles Mackerras. A memorial tablet in the church commemorates Charles Macklin, the great Shakespearean actor from Ulster. The ashes of Dame Ellen Terry and Dame Edith Evans rest in St Paul's. Memorials in the church are dedicated to many famous personalities of the 20th century, including Sir Charlie Chaplin, Sir Noël Coward, Gracie Fields, Stanley Holloway, Boris Karloff, Vivien Leigh and Ivor Novello. The Avenue of Stars, which commemorated many notable figures and groups from the entertainment industry, formerly passed outside the church. There is also a memorial plaque to music hall star Bransby Williams 1870–1961, which was unveiled by Sir Michael Redgrave.

The church is surrounded by an award-winning graveyard garden.

In 2002, the church hosted the first of two weddings (the other one was held in Los Angeles) for famous musicians Gwen Stefani and Gavin Rossdale.

Orchestra

The Orchestra of St Paul's (OSP) is a professional chamber orchestra resident at the Actors' Church. In addition to a concert series in Covent Garden, the Orchestra of St Paul's gives regular performances all around the UK and makes annual visits to the Southbank Centre and St John's, Smith Square. OSP appears regularly at UK festivals such as the English Music Festival.

OSP is unique among modern instrument chamber orchestras in playing music of the baroque, classical and even romantic periods entirely without vibrato. This pure tone is complemented by the orchestra’s employment of authentic articulation, phrasing and style. With the exception of natural trumpets in appropriate repertoire the orchestra does not use period instruments; however, this historically informed focus is absolutely central to the group’s approach. The flexible line-up of the Orchestra of St Paul's adapts to suit each project, from the standard classical chamber orchestra to an ensemble of between four and fourteen players; exceptionally OSP expands to a full symphony orchestra.

The group has featured music by composers including Beethoven (including a symphony cycle between 2007–11), William Boyce, Elgar, Haydn, Mahler, Martinů, Poulenc, Rameau, Stravinsky and Wagner, as well as the UK première of the original version of Mendelssohn’s Symphony No. 5. OSP has collaborated with David Owen Norris, Roderick Williams, Steven Osborne (pianist), Richard Baker (broadcaster) and newsreader and radio presenter Katie Derham. OSP made its Southbank Centre debut at Purcell Room in September 2008. The orchestra's musical director is Ben Palmer and its patron is Sir Roger Norrington.[15][16]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Paul's, Covent Garden.

References

  1. ↑ "The Actor's Church HOME". www.actorschurch.org. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  2. ↑ Summerson, John. Inigo Jones. Penguin, 1966. p. 83. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Summerson, John (1970). Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 F. H. W. Sheppard (General Editor) (1970). "St. Paul's Church". Survey of London: volume 36: Covent Garden. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  5. ↑ Walpole, Horace; Vertue, George (1782). Anecdotes of painting in England 2 (3rd ed.). London: J. Dodsley. p. 275.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Britton, John; Pugin, August (1825). Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London 1. London. pp. 107–17.
  7. ↑ Summerson, John. Inigo Jones. Penguin, 1966. p. 95. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  8. ↑ 1st quote from next ref; 2nd quote from Summerson, John (1980), The Classical Language of Architecture, p. 13, 1980 edition, Thames and Hudson World of Art series, ISBN 0-500-20177-3
  9. ↑ Book iv, 7.2-3
  10. ↑ Among other things, it is not clear if Vitruvius was acting as an architectural historian, describing a building type that was no longer newly built by his day, even though his account tells "how to" design such a temple.
  11. 1 2 Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003). London 6: Westminster. The Buildings of England. Yale UniversityPress. p. 296.
  12. ↑ "Iris Theatre". Iris Theatre.
  13. ↑ John Aubrey. Brief Lives, chiefly of Contemporaries, ed. Andrew Clark, (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1898) vol. 1, p.136.
  14. ↑ Arthur Penrhyn Stanley. Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey. Fourth ed. (London, John Murray, 1868), p. 280.
  15. ↑ Critical Reaction Review of Purcell Room concert, October 2010
  16. ↑ MusicWeb International Review of Purcell Room concert, October 2010
  17. ↑ "St. Lawrences' Church, Mereworth: Architect's Account". Thomas Ford & Partners. Retrieved 29 August 2011.

External links

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