Saint Pelagia

Saint Pelagia
Margarita among her courtesans, as St Nonnus prays for her (14th-century MS).
Born	290?
Died	305
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Syriac Orthodox Church
Feast	8 October (Roman Catholic)[1] 8 October (Eastern Orthodox)[1] 8 October (Syriac Orthodox Church)[2]

Pelagia (Greek: Πελαγία), distinguished as Pelagia of Antioch, Pelagia the Penitent, and Pelagia the Harlot, was a legendary Christian saint and hermit in the 4th or 5th century. Her feast day was celebrated on 8 October, originally in common with SS Pelagia the Virgin & Pelagia of Tarsus.^{[3][1][n 1]}

Legend

Pelagia's hagiography, attributed to James^[4][5] or Jacob^[6][7] (Latin: Jacobus), deacon of the church of Heliopolis (modern Baalbek),^[8] states that Margarita was the "foremost actress" and a prominent harlot in Antioch.^[7] During one of the city's church councils, she passed by on a donkey surrounded by her entourage and a "worldly crowd".^[7] Perfumed and "immodestly" bareheaded, the outlines of her body were "clearly visible" beneath her gold cloth, pearls, and precious stones, which ran from her bare shoulders to her feet.^[7] Most of the fathers were shamed into looking away, but the bishop Nonnus stared openly and confessed himself "delighted".^[7] Mocking his fellows, he condemned both them and himself for taking less care of their souls than she had of her body.^[5] She appeared at his next Sunday sermon and Nonnus's sermon on hell^[5] and the goodness of paradise^[7] prompted her to repent. She had two of her slaves trail Nonnus to his residence and then wrote him on wax tablets, calling herself "sinful" and a "servant of the devil" but seeking mercy from his god, who "came down to earth not for the sake of the righteous but to save sinners".^[7] Nonnus replied to the anonymous request that God knew her and her past and that he would receive her, but only in the presence of the other bishops.^[7]

She went to the Basilica of St Julian to see them; when Nonnus demanded surety that she would not return to her former life, she fell to the ground and threatened tha if she were refused admission to the church, all her future sins would be held against him at his judgment.^[7] The archbishop was informed and sent the deaconess Romana to clothe her in the baptismal gown.^[7] Nonnus took her confession and baptized "Margarita" under her birth name Pelagia, with Romana serving as her godmother.^[5] The devil shortly afterward arrived to complain, but was driven off when Pelagia made the Sign of the Cross and breathed upon him.^[7] He returned the next night to renew his complaints and was driven off the same way.^[7] On the third day, Pelagia directed her slave steward to inventory her possessions. She then turned them over to Nonnus, who disbursed them to the widows, orphans, and poor of the city.^[7] She further freed her slaves, male and female, "taking their golden torcs off with her own hands".^[7] She then began living with Romana.^[5] The night before it came time to remove her baptismal gown, she stole out at night in one of Nonnus's chitons and left to build a cell on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.^[7] She lived there for three or four years, disguising herself as a male recluse and eunuch under the name Pelagius.^[5] She then died, apparently as a result of extreme asceticism, which had emaciated her to the point she could no longer be recognized.^[5] Upon the discovery that the renowned monk had been a woman, the "holy fathers" tried to keep it a secret but the gossip spread and her relics drew pilgrims from as far off as Jericho and the Jordan valley.^[7]

The story appeared in the Greek Menaea.^[9] It significantly omits dates and (on eight occasions) the name of the archbishop under whom Nonnus served.^{[10][n 2]}

History

The historical St Pelagia, mentioned by St Ambrose^[13][14] and in two sermons by John Chrysostom,^[15] was an Antiochene virgin who committed suicide to avoid being forced to offer pagan sacrifice during the Diocletianic Persecution. St Marina, the Latin equivalent of "Pelagia", was another bride who became a transvestite monk, in her case to escape an unwanted marriage.^{[10][n 3]} Aspects of their stories were apparently combined with apocryphal accounts of Mary Magdalene,^[16] Biblical accounts of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba and of Jesus and various women in the New Testament,^[17] and even with Greek myths regarding Aphrodite^{[18][n 4]} to create the story of the harlot Pelagia. Chrysostom's c. 390 sermon also mentions an anonymous (but apparently famous) actress and prostitute "from a wicked city in Phoenice" (possibly Heliopolis) who seduced "the empress's brother" but converted "in our own day".^[19] Constantius II's wife Eusebia had two brothers, Eusebius and Hypatius, joint consuls in 359, who both lived for many years in Antioch.^[20] In his account, attempts were made to lure her back to her former life by the Roman prefect and some of his soldiers,^[15] a role played by Satan in the hagiography.^[21] The mention of a meeting of the Syrian bishops is unhelpful for dating, as more than thirty Synods of Antioch were conducted in late antiquity.

See also

• SS Pelagia the Virgin & Pelagia of Tarsus, celebrated on the same day
• SS Margaret the Virgin & Marina the Monk, both of whom are sometimes confused or conflated with Pelagia

Notes

1. The Roman Martyrology eventually distinguished the dates of the other Pelagias, removing them to other months.^[1]
2. One Greek account^[11] refers to the archbishop as Flavianus (r. 381–404), although Cameron dismisses its testimony.^[12]
3. A third St Pelagia of Antioch was St Margaret, whose name derives from its earlier form "Margarita".
4. Kirsch,^[1] however, considers Usener's arguments associating the saints Pelagia with the pagan Aphrodite^[18] to have been "completely disproved" by Delehaye.

References

Citations

1. Kirsch (1911).
2. Hoever (1989).
3. Greek Synaxarion.
4. Coon (1997), p. 78.
5. James the Deacon.
6. Cameron (2016), p. 85.
7. Jacob the Deacon.
8. Bunson & al. (2003).
9. Butler (1866).
10. Cameron (2016), p. 87.
11. BHG 1479g.
12. Cameron (2016), p. 88.
13. Ambrose, De Virg., III, 7, 33.
14. Ambrose, Ep. xxxvii. ad Simplic.
15. Chrysostom, Hom. in Matth. lxvii. (Latin)
16. Coon (1997), p. 77–78.
17. Coon (1997), pp. 80–82.
18. Usener (1879).
19. Cameron (2016), p. 86–87.
20. Cameron (2016), p. 87–88.
21. Cameron (2016), p. 86.

Bibliography

• Bunson, Matthew; et al. (2003), "Nonnus", Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints, Rev. ed., Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, p. 611, ISBN 1-931709-75-0.
• Butler, Alban (1866), "October 8: Saint Pelagia, Penitent", The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments and Authentic Records, Vol. X: October, Dublin: James Duffy.
• Cameron, Alan (2016), "The Poet, the Bishop, and the Harlot", Wandering Poets and Other Essays on Late Greek Literature and Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 81–90, ISBN 978-0-19-026894-7.
• Coon, Lynda L. (1997), "Pelagia: God's Holy Harlot", Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 77–84, ISBN 0-8122-3371-9.
• Jacob the Deacon (Jacobus Deaconus) (1628), "22: The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot [Celebrated in the Roman Martyrology on October 8] by Jacob the Deacon, translated into Latin from the Greek by Eustochius", Vitae Patrum: De Vita et Verbis Seniorum sive Historiae Eremiticae, Vol. I, Antwerp (translated from the Latin by Benedict Baker).
• James the Deacon (Jacobus Diaconus), "The Eighth Day of the Month of October: The Life of Our Holy Mother Pelagia the Nun, who was Once a Harlot, Written by James, a Deacon of the Church of Heliopolis, from The Great Collection of the Lives of the Saints, Vol. 2: October, compiled by St Demetrius of Rostov", Orthodox Classics in English, House Springs: Chrysostom Press.
• Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911), "Pelagia", Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Vol. 11, New York: Robert Appleton Co.
• Usener, Hermann (1879), Legenden der heiligen Pelagia, Bonn. (German)