Stalag Luft III murders

The Stalag Luft III murders were war crimes perpetrated by members of the Gestapo following the "Great Escape" of Allied prisoners of war from the German Air Force prison camp known as Stalag Luft III on March 25, 1944. Of a total of 76 successful escapees, 73 were recaptured, mostly within days of the breakout, of whom 50 were executed on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler. These summary executions were conducted within a short period of recapture.

Outrage at the killings was felt immediately, both in the prison camp, among comrades of the escaped prisoners, and in the United Kingdom, where the Foreign Minister Anthony Eden rose in the House of Commons to announce in June 1944 that those guilty of what the British government suspected was a war crime would be "brought to exemplary justice."^[1]

After Nazi Germany's capitulation in May 1945, the Police branch of the Royal Air Force, with whom the 50 airmen had been serving, launched a special investigation into the killings, having branded the shootings a war crime despite official German reports that the airmen had been shot while attempting to escape from captivity following recapture. An extensive investigation headed by Wing Commander Wilfred Bowes RAF and Squadron Leader Frank McKenna of the Special Investigation Branch into the events following the recapture of the 73 airmen was launched, which was unique for being the only major war crime to be investigated by a single branch of any nation's military.^[1]:261

Model of Stalag Luft III prison camp.

The murders

The day after the mass escape from Stalag Luft III, Hitler gave personal orders that every recaptured officer was to be shot. Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, chief of state security, and Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, head of the German High Command, who had ultimate control over prisoners of war, argued about the responsibility for the escape. Göring pointed out to Hitler that a massacre might bring about reprisals to German pilots in Allied hands. Hitler agreed, but insisted "more than half" were to be shot. Himmler fixed the total at 50. Keitel gave orders that the murdered officers were to be cremated and their ashes returned to the POW camp as a deterrent to further escapes.^[1]:56–57 Himmler set up the logistics for actually killing the men, and passed it down through his subordinates in the Gestapo.^[2] The general orders were that recaptured officers would be turned over to the Criminal Police, and fifty would be handed to the Gestapo to be killed.^[1]:57

As the prisoners were captured, they were interrogated for any useful information, and taken out by motor car, usually in small parties of two at a time, on the pretext of returning them to their prison camp. Their Gestapo escorts would stop them in the country and invite the officers to relieve themselves. The prisoners were then shot at close range from behind by pistol or machine pistol fire. The bodies were then left for retrieval, after which they were cremated and returned to Stalag Luft III.

British Military Intelligence was made aware of the extraordinary events even during conditions of wartime by letters home and as a result of communications from the protecting power, Switzerland, which as a neutral party regularly reported on conditions in prisoner camps to both sides. Notices posted in Allied POW camps on 23 July 1944 that "THE ESCAPE FROM PRISON CAMPS IS NO LONGER A SPORT" in the wake of the Stalag Luft III escape, as well as the suspicious deaths of fifty officers during their recapture, led the British government to suspect a war crime had occurred. The Judge Advocate General originally placed the blame on Field Marshal Keitel, feeling publication of the notices linked him to the notice to shoot the prisoners.

The British government learned of the deaths from a routine visit to the camp by the Swiss authorities as the protecting power in May; the Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden announced the news to the House of Commons on 19 May 1944.^[3] Shortly after the announcement the Senior British Officer of the camp, Group Captain Herbert Massey, was repatriated to England due to ill health. Upon his return, he informed the Government about the circumstances of the escape and the reality of the murder of the recaptured escapees. Eden updated Parliament on 23 June, promising that, at the end of the war, those responsible would be brought to exemplary justice.^[4]

Victims

Name	Rank	Nation	Unit	Date of death/ Last seen alive	Cremated
Birkland, Henry J.	Flying Officer	CAN	No.72 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Brettell, E. Gordon	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.133 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Danzig
Bull, Leslie G. "Johnny"	Squadron Leader	GBR	No.109 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Brüx
Bushell, Roger J.	Squadron Leader	GBR[5]	No.92 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Posen
Casey, Michael J.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.57 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Catanach, James	Squadron Leader	AUS	No.455 Sqn RAAF	29 March 1944	Kiel
Christensen, Arnold G.	Pilot Officer	NZL	No.26 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Kiel
Cochran, Dennis H.	Flying Officer	GBR	No.10 OTU RAF	31 March 1944	Natzweiler
Cross, Ian E. K. P.	Squadron Leader	GBR	No.103 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Espelid, Halldor	Lieutenant	NOR	No.331 Sqn (Norwegian) RAF	29 March 1944	Kiel
Evans, Brian H.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.49 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Fuglesang, Nils Jørgen	Lieutenant	NOR	No.332 Sqn (Norwegian) RAF	29 March 1944	Kiel
Gouws, Johannes S.	Lieutenant	ZAF	No.40 Sqn SAAF	29 March 1944	München
Grisman, William J.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.109 Sqn RAF	6 April 1944	Breslau
Gunn, Alastair D. M.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.1 PRU RAF	6 April 1944	Breslau
Hake, Albert H.	Flight Lieutenant	AUS	No.72 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Hall, Charles P.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.1 PRU RAF	30 March 1944	Liegnitz
Hayter, Anthony R. H.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.148 Sqn RAF	6 April 1944	Natzweiler
Humphreys, Edgar S.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.107 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Kidder, Gordon A.	Flying Officer	CAN	No.156 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Mährisch Ostrau
Kierath, Reginald V.	Flight Lieutenant	AUS	No.450 Sqn RAAF	29 March 1944	Brüx
Kiewnarski, Antoni	Flight Lieutenant	POL	No.305 Sqn (Polish) RAF	31 March 1944	unknown
Kirby-Green, Thomas G.	Squadron Leader	GBR	No.40 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Mährisch Ostrau
Kolanowski, Wlodzimierz A.	Flying Officer	POL	No.301 Sqn (Polish) RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Krol, Stanislaw Z.	Flying Officer	POL	No.64 Sqn RAF	12 April 1944	Breslau
Langford, Patrick W.[6]	Flight Lieutenant	CAN	No.16 OTU RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Leigh, Tom	Flight Lieutenant	AUS	No.76 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Long, James L. R.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.9 Sqn RAF	12 April 1944	Breslau
Marcinkus, Romas	Flight Lieutenant	LTU	No.1 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Danzig
McGarr, Clement A. N.	Lieutenant	ZAF	No.2 Sqn SAAF	6 April 1944	Breslau
McGill, George E.	Flight Lieutenant	CAN	No.103 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Milford, Harold J.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.226 Sqn RAF	6 April 1944	Breslau
Mondschein, Jerzy T.	Flying Officer	POL	No.304 Sqn (Polish) RAF	29 March 1944	Brüx
Pawluk, Kazimierz	Flying Officer	POL	No.305 Sqn (Polish) RAF	31 March 1944	unknown
Picard, Henri A.	Flight Lieutenant	BEL	No.350 Sqn (Belgian) RAF	29 March 1944	Danzig
Pohe, John	Flying Officer	NZL	No.51 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Scheidhauer, Bernard W. M.	Lieutenant	FRA	No.131 Sqn RAF	29 March 1944	Saarbrücken
Skanzikas, Sotiris	Pilot Officer	GRC	No.336 Sqn (Greek) RAF	30 March 1944	unknown
Stevens, Rupert J.	Lieutenant	ZAF	No.12 Sqn SAAF	29 March 1944	München
Stewart, Robert C.	Flying Officer	GBR	No.77 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Stower, John G.	Flying Officer	GBR	No.142 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Street, Denys O.	Flying Officer	GBR	No.207 Sqn RAF	6 April 1944	Breslau
Swain, Cyril D.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.105 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Tobolski, Pawel	Flying Officer	POL	No.301 Sqn (Polish) RAF	2 April 1944	Breslau
Valenta, Ernst	Flight Lieutenant	CZE	No.311 Sqn (Czechoslovak) RAF	31 March 1944	Liegnitz
Walenn, Gilbert W.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.25 OTU RAF	29 March 1944	Danzig
Wernham, James C.[7]	Flight Lieutenant	CAN	No.405 Sqn RCAF	30 March 1944	unknown
Wiley, George W. [8]	Flight Lieutenant	CAN	No.112 Sqn RAF	31 March 1944	Görlitz
Williams, John E. A.	Squadron Leader	AUS	No.450 Sqn RAAF	29 March 1944	Brüx
Williams, John F.	Flight Lieutenant	GBR	No.107 Sqn RAF	6 April 1944	Breslau

Investigation

A detachment of the Special Investigation Branch of the Royal Air Force Police headed by Wing Commander Wilfred Bowes was given the assignment of tracking down the killers of the 50 officers. The investigation started seventeen months after the alleged crimes had been committed, making it a cold case. Worse, according to an account of the investigation, the perpetrators "belonged to a body, the Secret State Police or Gestapo, which held and exercised every facility to provide its members with false identities and forged identification papers immediately they were ordered to go on the run at the moment of national surrender."^[1]:7

The small detachment of investigators, numbering five officers and fourteen NCOs, remained active for three years, and identified seventy-two men, guilty of either murder or conspiracy to murder, of whom 69 were accounted for. Of these, 21 were eventually tried and executed (some of these were for other than the Stalag Luft III murders); 17 were tried and imprisoned; 11 had committed suicide; 7 were untraced, though of these 4 were presumed dead; 6 had been killed during the war; 5 were arrested but charges had not been laid; 1 was arrested but not charged so he could be used as a material witness; three were charged but either acquitted or had the sentence quashed on review, and one remained in refuge in East Germany.^[1]:261

Despite attempts to cover up the murders during the war, the investigators were aided by such things as Germany's meticulous book-keeping, such as at various crematoria, as well as willing eye-witness accounts and many confessions among the Gestapo members themselves, who cited that they were only following orders.

Accused

High command

Name	Position	Fate
Hitler, Adolf	Führer	Suicide, 30 April 1945
Keitel, Wilhelm	Head of OKW "Supreme Command of the Armed Forces"	Executed 16 October 1946
Himmler, Heinrich	Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police[9]	Suicide 23 May 1945
Göring, Hermann	Luftwaffe and enemy Air Forces POWs	Suicide 16 October 1946

Gestapo High Command

Name	Position	Fate
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst	Chief of RSHA	Executed 16 October 1946
Nebe, Arthur	Chief of Kripo, RSHA	Executed by Gestapo February 1945
Wielen, Max	Kripo, Breslau	Sentenced to life imprisonment 3 September 1947 released October 24, 1952
Müller, Heinrich	Chief of Gestapo, RSHA	Unknown-vanished after April 1945
Scharpwinkel, Wilhelm	Gestapo, Breslau	Died in Soviet prison, May 1948

Gestapo field officers

Name	Office	Fate
Absalon, Gunther	Breslau	Died in Soviet prison May 1948
Baatz	Reichenberg	Prematurely released from Red Army camp
Boschert, Heinrich	Karlsruhe	Sentenced to death 3 September 1947, commuted to life imprisonment
Breithaupt, Walter	Saarbrücken	Sentenced to life imprisonment 3 September 1947, released October 24, 1952
Bruchardt, Reinhold	Danzig	Sentenced to death 6 November 1948, commuted to life imprisonment upon Britain abandoning the death sentence experimentally
Dankert	Breslau	Untraced
Denkmann, Artur	Kiel	Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment 3 September 1947
Dissner, Max	Strasbourg	Suicide 11 May 1948
Ganninger, Otto	Karlsruhe	Suicide 26 April 1946
Geith, Eduard	München	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Gmeiner, Josef	Karlsruhe	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Hampel, Walter	Breslau	Arrested 1 September 1948, charge not proceeded with in accordance with British government's new war crimes policy
Hänsel, Richard	Breslau	Acquitted 6 November 1948
Herbert, Walter	Karlsruhe	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Hilker, Heinrich	Strasbourg	Prematurely released from French custody, charged but case dismissed 23 December 1966
Hug, Julius	Danzig	Untraced
Isselhorst, Erich	Strasbourg	Condemned to death for other atrocities
Jacobs, Walter	Kiel	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Kähler, Hans	Kiel	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Kilpe, Max	Danzig	Arrested 27 August 1948, charges not proceeded with
Kiske, Paul	Breslau	Killed during Siege of Breslau
Kiowsky, Friedrich	Brno/Zlín	Executed in Czechoslovakia 1947
Knappe, ?	Breslau	Killed during Siege of Breslau
Knippelberg, Adolf	Brno/Zlín	Prematurely released from Red Army camp 1945
Koslowsky, Otto	Brno/Zlín	Executed in Czechoslovokia 1947
Kreuzer, ?	Breslau	Untraced, probably killed 1945
Kuhnel, ?	Breslau	Killed during Siege of Breslau
Lang, ?	Breslau	Untraced, probably killed 1945
Läuffer, ?	Breslau	Suicide reported, not confirmed
Lux, ?	Breslau	Killed during Siege of Breslau
Nölle, Wilhelm	Brno/Zlín	Arrested 10 June 1948; charge not proceeded with
Pattke, Walter	Breslau	Untraced, probably killed 1945
Post, Johannes	Kiel	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Preiss, Otto	Karlsruhe	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Prosse, ?	Breslau	Died 1944
Romer, Hugo	Brno/Zlín	Untraced
Sasse, Walter	Danzig	Escaped from internment camp
Schäfer, Oswald	München	Charge dismissed 11 December 1968
Schauschütz, Franz	Brno/Zlín	Executed in Czechoslovakia 1947
Schermer, Martin	München	Suicide 25 April 1945
Schimmel, Alfred	Strasbourg	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Schmauser, Ernst	Breslau	Captured by Red Army
Schmidt, Franz	Kiel	Suicide 27 October 1946
Schmidt, Friedrich (Fritz)	Kiel	Sentenced to two years imprisonment May 1968
Schmidt, Oskar	Kiel	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Schneider, Johann	München	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Schröder, Robert	Breslau	Not charged, used as material witness
Schulz, Emil	Saarbrücken	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Schwartzer, Friedrich	Brno/Zlín	Executed in Czechoslovakia 1947
Seetzen, Heinrich	Breslau	Suicide 28 September 1945
Spann, Leopold	Saarbrücken	Killed in air raid, Linz, 25 April 1945
Struve, Wilhelm	Kiel	Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment 3 September 1947
Venediger, Günther	Danzig	Sentenced to two years imprisonment after four years of appeals, 17 December 1957
Voelz, Walter	Danzig	Untraced, believed killed
Weil, Emil	München	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Weissman, Robert	Reichenberg	Held by French authorities but not transferred
Wenzler, Herbert	Danzig	Arrested 1948, charge not proceeded with
Weyland, Robert	Reichenberg	Refuge in Soviet zone
Wieczorek, Erwin	Breslau	Sentenced to death 6 November 1948, sentence quashed on review
Wielen, Max	Breslau	Sentenced to life imprisonment 3 September 1947
Witt, Harry	Danzig	Arrested September 1948, charge not proceeded with
Wochner, Magnus	Karlsruhe	Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for atrocities at Natzweiler-Struthof
Zacharias, Erich	Brno/Zlín	Executed at Hameln 27 February 1948
Ziegler, Hans	Brno/Zlín	Suicide 3 February 1948

Trials

The Hamburg Curio Haus, photographed in more recent times

SS-Gruppenführer Arthur Nebe, who is believed to have selected the airmen to be shot, was later executed for his involvement in the July 20 plot to kill Hitler.

American Colonel Telford Taylor was the U.S. prosecutor in the High Command case at the Nuremberg Trials. The indictment in this case called for the General Staff of the Army and the High Command of the German Armed Forces to be considered criminal organizations; the witnesses were several of the surviving German Field Marshals and their staff officers.^[10] One of the crimes charged was of the murder of the 50.^[11] Luftwaffe Colonel Bernd von Brauchitsch, who served on the staff of Reich Marshal Hermann Göring, was interrogated by Captain Horace Hahn about the murders.^[12]

The first trial specifically dealing with the Stalag Luft III murders began on 1 July 1947, against 18 defendants. The trial was held before No. 1 War Crimes Court at the Curio Haus in Hamburg. The accused all pled Not Guilty to the counts indicated on the table below; names in the final column are the victims that they were accused of murdering. The verdicts and sentences were handed down after a full fifty days on September 3 of that year. Max Wielen was found guilty of conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment. The others were found not guilty of the first two charges, but guilty of the individual charges of murder. Breithaupt received life imprisonment, Denkmann and Struve ten years imprisonment each, and Boschert eventually received life imprisonment. The other 13 condemned prisoners were hanged at Hamelin Jail in February 1948 by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint.^{[1]:252–257}

Accused	Charge 1: Committing a war crime in that you at divers places in Germany and German occupied territory between 25 March 1944 and 13 April 1944 were concerned together and with SS Gruppenführer Müller and SS Gruppenführer Nebe and other persons known and unknown in the killing in violations of the laws and usages of war of prisoners of war who had escaped from Stalag Luft III.	Charge 2: Committing a war crime in that you in divers places in Germany and German-occupied territory between 25 March 1944 and 13 April 1944 aided and abetted SS Gruppenführer Müller and SS Gruppenführer Nebe and each other and other persons known and unknown in carrying out orders which were contrary to the laws and usages of war — namely, orders to kill prisoners of war who had escaped from Stalag Luft III.	Charge 3: Committing a war crime in that you between (place) and (place) on or about (date) when members of the (place) Gestapo, in violation of the laws and usages of war were concerned in the killing of (victim(s)), both of the (force), prisoners of war.
Boschert, Heinrich	x	x	D.H. Cochran
Breithaupt, Walter	x	x	R.J. Bushell and B.M.W. Scheidhauer
Denkmann, Artur	x	x	J. Catanach, H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Geith, Eduard	x	x	J.R. Stevens, J.S. Gouws
Gmeiner, Josef	x	x	D.H. Cochran
Herberg, Walter	x	x	D.H. Cochran
Jacobs, Walter	x	x	H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Kähler, Hans	x	x	J. Catanach, H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Post, Johannes	x	x	J. Catanach, H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Preiss, Otto	x	x	D.H. Cochran
Schimmel, Alfred	x	x	A.R.H. Hayter
Schmidt, Oskar	x	x	H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Schneider, Johann	x	x	J.R. Stevens, J.S. Gouws
Schulz, Emil	x	x	R.J. Bushell, B.M.W. Scheidhauer
Struve, Wilhelm	x	x	H. Espelid, A.G. Christensen, N. Fuglesang
Weil, Emil	x	x	J.R. Stevens, J.S. Gouws
Wielen, Max	x	x	N/A
Zacharias, Erich	x	x	G.A. Kidder, T.G. Kirby-Green

A second trial began in Hamburg on 11 October 1948, with verdicts and sentences being reached by November 6. In the interim, however, Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary, announced a Cabinet decision not to prosecute any more war criminals after 31 August 1948.

Popular culture

The murders were shown (as a single massacre rather than individuals or small groups being murdered) in the film The Great Escape.

The search for the culprits responsible for the murder of the 50 Allied officers was depicted in a 1988 television movie named The Great Escape II: The Untold Story starring Christopher Reeve.^[13] The movie also features Donald Pleasence in a supporting role as a member of the SS (in the 1963 original Pleasence had played an Allied escapee).

References

1. Andrews, Allen (1976). Exemplary Justice. Corgi Books. ISBN 0-552-10800-6.
2. Colditz web article
3. "Officer Prisoners of War, Germany (Shooting)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 19 May 1944. col. 437–439.; 47 BRITISH AND ALLIED AIRMEN SHOT BY GERMANS, The Manchester Guardian, May 20, 1944, Page 6.
4. "Officer Prisoners of War, Germany (Shooting)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 23 June 1944. col. 477–482.
5. Born in South Africa
6. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/2194321?Patrick%20Wilson%20Langford
7. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/2194432?James%20Chrystall%20Wernham
8. http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/2194435?George%20William%20Wiley
9. These offices were "separate, yet linked". See, The SS (Time-Life, ISBN 0-8094-6950-2, pp.70–73)
10. Guilt, responsibility and the Third Reich, Heffer 1970; 20 pages; ISBN 0-85270-044-X
11. Indictment "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1, Indictment: Count Three C.2" Check |url= value (help). Avalon Project. Yale University. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
12. Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9 seventy-ninth day: Tuesday, 12 March 1946: Morning Session, Avalon Project, Yale University, Retrieved 1 March 2010
13. "The Great Escape II: The Untold Story (TV Movie 1988)". IMDb. 6 November 1988. Retrieved 24 September 2015.