Stanley Elkins
Stanley M. Elkins (April 27, 1925 in Boston, Massachusetts - September 16, 2013 in Leeds, Massachusetts)[1] was an American historian, best known for his controversial comparison of slavery in the United States to Nazi concentration camps, and for his collaborations (in a book and numerous articles) with Eric McKitrick regarding the early American Republic. He obtained his Ph.D. in history from Columbia University and taught at the University of Chicago, spending most of his career as a professor of history at Smith College.
Career
Elkins was born in Boston to Frank and Frances Elkins (née Reiner). He attended Boston English High School and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1943, serving in the 36nd Infantry Regiment, fighting in Italy during World War II. After the war, he married Dorothy Adele Lamken and attended Harvard University on the GI Bill (A.B. 1949), followed by Columbia University for graduate school in American history (M.A. 1951, Ph.D. 1958), where he studied under Richard Hofstadter.[2] He and fellow graduate student Eric McKitrick received a joint appointment as assistant professors of history at the University of Chicago, where they taught from 1955 to 1960. In 1960 he joined the faculty at Smith College, where he was appointed the Sydenham Clark Parsons Professor Emeritus of History from 1969 until his death in 2013.[3]
Slavery
Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), based on Elkins' doctoral dissertation at Columbia University, was theoretically innovative and enormously influential in the years after its publication, although its arguments are largely superseded today.
Elkins made two major, and controversial, arguments in Slavery. The first was that American abolitionists undercut their own effectiveness by their insistence on ideological consistency and purity, and their refusal to compromise with the slave system. Elkins contrasted them with British abolitionists who, he argued, were more pragmatic and therefore more politically effective; he noted that Britain had abolished slavery without war.
Elkins's second argument was that the experience of slavery was psychologically infantilizing to slaves, making them follow what he controversially called the "Sambo" model. He based his arguments on then-recent sociological and psychological research by Bruno Bettelheim and others on inmates of Nazi concentration camps during World War II, showing that the totalitarian environment systematically destroyed their ability to resist, to plan, and to form positive relationships with one another. Elkins speculated that antebellum slavery was a similar environment and instilled an infantilized, dependent personality pattern. One implication, only partially spelled out in Elkins's account, was that this personality pattern might persist in his own time, a century after the end of slavery. Elkins' views were influential during the late 1960s when Daniel Patrick Moynihan supported affirmative action programs in order to counteract the lingering effects of slavery on black culture.
Thirdly Elkins argued that slavery in North America was strikingly different than in Latin America, a theme originated by historian Frank Tannenbaum regarding Brazil. That is, the Sambo model did not appear in Brazil.[4]
The Age of Federalism
The Age of Federalism: The Early Republic, 1788-1800, co-authored by Elkins and Eric McKitrick, was described as a "dazzling book," featuring an "elegant and penetrating pen portrait of Hamilton."[5]The Age of Federalism won the Bancroft Prize. The book explores the history of the Federalist party, discusses the relationships among key players, among them Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, and analyzes the administrations of George Washington and John Adams.
Criticism
Initially Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life was heralded by the black community as an important and positive contribution, but subsequently the comparison of black slavery and Nazi concentration camps was considered offensive by many descendants of both oppressed groups. The controversy is discussed by Ann Lane in her 1971 compilation: The Debate Over Slavery, Stanley Elkins and His Critics. Other historians began challenging Elkins's thesis, particularly John W. Blassingame's The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (1972).
Awards and fellowships
1995 Order of Cincinnatus Prize 1994 Bancroft Prize 1980 Visiting Fellow, St. Catherine's College, Oxford 1970-71 Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 1970-71 Guggenheim Fellow 1967-68 National Endowment for the Humanities Grant 1963-64 American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship 1959-60 Rockefeller Foundation Grant 1954-55 Rockefeller Foundation Fellow
Published works
Books
- Stanley M. Elkins. Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20477-2. (1959, 1963, 1976 editions) reviews
- Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick (1993). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. Oxford University Press. [6]
- Cecelia M. Kenyon (2003). Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, eds. Men of Little Faith: Selected Writings of Cecelia Kenyon. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-347-6.
Articles
- Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick. "A Meaning for Turner's Frontier: Part I: Democracy in the Old Northwest," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Sep., 1954), pp. 321–353 in JSTOR
- Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, "A Meaning for Turner's Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Dec., 1954), pp. 565–602 in JSTOR
- Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, "Institutions and the Law of Slavery: The Dynamics of Unopposed Capitalism," American Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Spring, 1957), pp. 3–21 in JSTOR
- Stanley Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, "Institutions and the Law of Slavery: Slavery in Capitalist and Non-Capitalist Cultures," American Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2, Part 1 (Summer, 1957), pp. 159–179 in JSTOR
- Stanley M. Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, "The Founding Fathers: Young Men of the Revolution," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 181–216 in JSTOR
References
Bibliography
- Budick, E. Miller. "Plantations and Pogroms, Slavery and the Holocaust: Disentangling Black and Jewish History (Stanley Elkins, Ralph Waldo Ellison, and Hannah Arendt)." In Blacks and Jews in Literary Conversation (1998).
- Fermaglich, Kirsten. " 'One of the Lucky Ones': Stanley Elkins and the Concentration Camp Analogy in Slavery." In American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957-1965 (2007).
- George M. Fredrickson (1988). "The Historiography of Slavery: Stanley Elkins to Herbert Gutman". The arrogance of race: historical perspectives on slavery, racism, and social inequality. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6217-3.
- King, Richard H. "Domination and Fabrication: Re-thinking Stanley Elkins' Slavery," Slavery & Abolition, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2001), pp. 1–28.
- Kolchin, Peter. "Reevaluating the Antebellum Slave Community: A Comparative Perspective." The Journal of American History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (December, 1983).
- Lane, Ann, ed. The Debate Over "Slavery": Stanley Elkins and His Critics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971. Essays by 13 scholars.
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. "Stanley Elkins and Northern Reform Culture." In Yankee Saints and Southern Sinners (1986, 1990).
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. "Stanley Elkins' Slavery: The Antislavery Interpretation Reexamined." American Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 2 (May, 1973), pp. 154–176 in JSTOR
External links
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