Stations of the Exodus
The Stations of the Exodus are the 42 locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, recorded in (Numbers 33, with variations also recorded in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy).
According to the documentary hypothesis, the list of the Stations is believed to have originally been a distinct and separate source text. In this hypothesis, it is believed that the redactor, in combining the Torah's sources, used parts of the Stations list to fill out awkward joins between the main sources. The list records the locations visited by the Israelites, during their journey through the wilderness, after having left Egypt. Consequently, the parts which were inserted to join up the sources appear in suitable locations in the books of Exodus and Numbers.
However, a slightly variant version of the list appears in full at Numbers 33, and several parts of the journey described in the full list, most noticeably the journey from Sinai to Zin, do not appear in the fragmented version. It is tempting to suggest that the journey from Sinai to Zin was cut out of the fragmented version due to a copying error caused by the similarity in sound of "Sinai" and "Zin". However, as there are 42 locations in the full list, and the Israelites were said to have been in the desert for 40 years,[1] it is possible that several locations in the full list were added to the list of destinations as a literary device.
Both versions of the list contain several brief narrative fragments. For example " ... and they came to Elim, where there were twelve wells of water, and seventy date-palms...". It is the matter of some debate as to how much of the narrative is part of the original text of the list, and how much is extra detail added into it by the redactor.
The situation also occurs in reverse, where some brief texts, within parts of the list, and ascribed to the redactor, are usually regarded as not being part of the list of stations, albeit without much conviction. This is particularly true for Numbers 21:14-15, which references unknown events in the lost Book of the Wars of the Lord, and Numbers 21:16b-18a, describing the digging of the well at Beer.
Biblical commentators like St Jerome in his Epistle to Fabiola, Bede and St Peter Damian discussed the Stations according to the Hebrew meanings of their names. Dante modeled the 42 chapters of his Vita Nuova on them.
List of the Stations of the Exodus
| Station | Biblical reference | Description | Modern location |
| Raamses | Ex. 12:37; Nu. 33:3,5 | The Raamses district was of the highest quality land in Egypt (Ge. 47:11) | Pi-Ramesses: i.e. Tell ed-Dab'a/Qantir |
| Sukkoth | Ex. 12:37, 13:20; Nu. 33:5-6 | An Egyptian city near the border | Tjeku (Zuko), Tell el-Maskhuta (Pithom) |
| Etham | Ex. 13:20; Nu. 33:6-8 | "On the edge of the wilderness" | Ismailia? |
| Pi-Hahiroth | Ex. 14:2-3; Nu. 33:7-8 | Lit. Mouth of the Gorges, "between Migdol and the sea, opposite Ba'al-Zephon" (possibly "the Bay of Hiroth") | Prob. a channel opening into one of the Bitter Lakes or the Mediterranean- Pi-hahiroth was located near the Red Sea. |
| Marah | Ex. 15:23; Nu. 33:8-9 | Lit. 'bitterness' | 30 kilometres north of As Suways (the port of Suez)? |
| Elim | Ex. 15:27, 16:1; Nu. 33:9-10 | Had 12 wells and 70 palm trees | ? |
| By the Red Sea | Nu. 33:10-11 | - - | Near Gulf of Suez |
| Sin Wilderness | Ex. 16:1, 17:1; Nu. 33:11-12 | God supplies quail and manna, "Between Elim and Sinai" | |
| Dophkah | Nu. 33:12-13 | - - | - - |
| Alush | Nu. 33:13-14 | - - | - - |
| Rephidim | Ex. 17:1, 19:2; Nu. 33:14-15 | God commands Moses to strike a "Rock of Horeb", water gushes forth to alleviate thirst. | ? |
| Sinai Wilderness | Ex. 19:1-2; Nu. 10:12, 33:15-16 | Near Mount Sinai | |
| Kibroth-Hattaavah | Nu. 11:35, 33:16-17 | Lit. Graves of Longing or Graves of Lust | - - |
| Hazeroth | Nu. 11:35, 12:16, 33:17-18 | - - | - - |
| Rithmah | Nu. 33:18-19 | - - | - - |
| Rimmon-Perez | Nu. 33:19-20 | - - | - - |
| Libnah | Nu. 33:20-21 | - - | - - |
| Rissah | Nu. 33:21-22 | - - | - - |
| Kehelathah | Nu. 33:22-23 | - - | - - |
| Mount Shapher | Nu. 33:23-24 | - - | - - |
| Haradah | Nu. 33:24-25 | - - | - - |
| Makheloth | Nu. 33:25-26 | - - | - - |
| Tahath | Nu. 33:26-27 | - - | - - |
| Tarah | Nu. 33:27-28 | - - | - - |
| Mithcah | Nu. 33:28-29 | - - | - - |
| Hashmonah | Nu. 33:29-30 | - - | - - |
| Moseroth | Nu. 33:30-31 | - - | - - |
| Bene-Jaakan | Nu. 33:31-32 | - - | - - |
| Hor Haggidgad | Nu. 33:32-33 | - - | - - |
| Jotbathah | Nu. 33:33-34 | - - | - - |
| Abronah | Nu. 33:34-35 | - - | - - |
| Ezion-Geber | Nu. 33:35-36 | - - | Near northern tip of Gulf of Aqaba |
| Kadesh | Nu. 20:1,22, 33:36-37 | Located in the Wilderness of Zin; Miriam's burial place | Probably Ain el Qadeis |
| Mount Hor | Nu. 20:22, 21:4, 33:37-41 | On the Edomite border; Aaron's burial place | - - |
| Zalmonah | Nu. 33:41-42 | - - | - - |
| Punon | Nu. 33:42-43 | - - | - - |
| Oboth | Nu. 21:10-11, 33:43-44 | - - | - - |
| Abarim Ruins | Nu. 21:11, 33:44-45 | - - | - - |
| Dibon Gad | Nu. 33:45-46 | - - | - - |
| Almon Diblathaim | Nu. 33:46-47 | - - | - - |
| Abarim Mountains | Nu. 33:13-14 | Israelites encamped beneath Mount Nebo | - - |
| Moab Plains | Nu. 22:1, 33:48-50 | Israelites encamped on the Jordan River from Beith Hayishimoth to Aveil Hashittim | Occupied most of the Trans-Jordan region |
References
- ↑ Numbers 14:33; Deuteronomy 8:2