Staurosporine

Staurosporine
Ball-and-stick model of the staurosporine molecule
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(9S,10R,11R,13R)-2,3,10,11,12,13-Hexahydro-
10-methoxy-9-methyl-11-(methylamino)-9,13-epoxy-
1H,9H-diindolo[1,2,3-gh:3',2',1'-lm]pyrrolo[3,4-j][1,7]
benzodiazonin-1-one
Identifiers
CAS Number 62996-74-1 YesY
ATC code none
PubChem CID 44259
IUPHAR/BPS 346
DrugBank DB02010 YesY
ChemSpider 40272 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:15738 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL162 N
Chemical data
Formula C28H26N4O3
Molar mass 466.53 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Staurosporine (antibiotic AM-2282 or STS) is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.[1] It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure. The chemical structure of staurosporine was elucidated by X-ray analysis of a single crystal and the absolute stereochemical configuration by the same method in 1994.[2]

Staurosporine was discovered to have biological activities ranging from anti-fungal to anti-hypertensive.[3] The interest in these activities resulted in a large investigative effort in chemistry and biology and the discovery of the potential for anti-cancer treatment.

Biological activities

The main biological activity of staurosporine is the inhibition of protein kinases through the prevention of ATP binding to the kinase. This is achieved through the stronger affinity of staurosporine to the ATP-binding site on the kinase. Staurosporine is a prototypical ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor in that it binds to many kinases with high affinity, though with little selectivity.[4] Structural analysis of kinase pockets demonstrated that main chain atoms which are conserved in their relative positions to staurosporine contributes to staurosporine promiscuity.[5] This lack of specificity has precluded its clinical use, but has made it a valuable research tool. In research, staurosporine is used to induce apoptosis. The mechanism of how it mediates this is not well understood. It has been found that one way in which staurosporine induces apoptosis is by activating caspase-3.[6]

Chemistry family

Staurosporine is the precursor of the novel protein kinase inhibitor midostaurin (PKC412).[7][8] Besides midostaurin, staurosporine is also used as a starting material in the commercial synthesis of K252c (also called staurosporine aglycone). In the natural biosynthetic pathway, K252c is a precursor of staurosporine.

Indolocarbazoles belong to the alkaloid sub-class of bisindoles. Of these carbazoles the Indolo(2,3-a)carbazoles are the most frequently isolated; the most common subgroup of the Indolo(2,3-a)carbazoles are the Indolo(2,3-a)pyrrole(3,4-c)carbazoles which can be divided into two major classes - halogenated (chlorinated) with a fully oxidized C-7 carbon with only one indole nitrogen containing a β-glycosidic bond and the second class consists of both indole nitrogen glycosilated, non-halogenated, and a fully reduced C-7 carbon. Staurosporine is part of the second non-halogenated class.[9]

Structure of an Indolo[2,3-a]pyrrole[3,4-c]carbazol

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of staurosporine starts with the amino acid L-tryptophan in its zwitterionic form. Tryptophan is converted to an imine by enzyme StaO which is an L-amino acid oxidase (that may be FAD dependent). The imine is acted upon by StaD to form an uncharacterized intermediate proposed to be the dimerization product between 2 imine molecules. Chromopyrrolic acid is the molecule formed from this intermediate after the loss of VioE (used in the biosynthesis of violacein – a natural product formed from a branch point in this pathway that also diverges to form rebeccamycin. An aryl aryl coupling thought to be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme to form an aromatic ring system occurs.[9]

This is followed by a nucleophilic attack between the indole nitrogens resulting in cyclization and then decarboxylation assisted by StaC exclusively forming staurosporine aglycone or K252c. Glucose is transformed to NTP-L-ristoamine by StaA/B/E/J/I/K which is then added on to the staurosporine aglycone at 1 indole N by StaG. The StaN enzyme reorients the sugar by attaching it to the 2nd indole nitrogen into an unfavored conformation to form intermediated O-demethyl-N-demethyl-staurosporine. Lastly, O-methylation of the 4'amine by StaMA and N-methylation of the 3'-hydroxy by StaMB leads to the formation of staurosporine.[9]

Research in clinical use

When encapsulated in liposome nanoparticle, staurosporine is shown to suppress tumors in vivo in a mouse model without the toxic side effects which have prohibited its use as an anti-cancer drug with high apoptotic activity. Researchers in UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center develop a platform technology of high drug-loading efficiency by manipulating the pH environment of the cells. When injected into the mouse glioblastoma model, staurosporine is found to accumulate primarily in the tumor via fluorescence confirmation, and the mice did not suffer weight loss compared to the control mice administered with the free compound, an indicator of reduced toxicity.[10][11]

List of compounds closely related to Staurosporine

References

  1. ↑ Omura S, Iwai Y, Hirano A, Nakagawa A, Awaya J, Tsuchiya H, Takahashi Y, Masuma R (1977). "A new alkaloid AM-2282 of Streptomyces origin taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and preliminary characterization". J. Antibiot. 30 (4): 275–282. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.30.275. PMID 863788.
  2. ↑ Funato N, Takayanagi H, Konda Y, Toda Y, Harigaya Y, Omura S (1994). "Absolute configuration of staurosporine by X-ray analysis". Tetrahedron Lett. 35 (8): 1251–1254. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(94)88036-0.
  3. ↑ Rüegg UT, Burgess GM. (1989) Staurosporine, K-252 and UCN-01: potent but nonspecific inhibitors of protein kinases. Trends in Pharmacological Science 10 (6): 218-220.
  4. ↑ Karaman MW, Herrgard S, Treiber DK, Gallant P, Atteridge CE, Campbell BT, Chan KW, Ciceri P, Davis MI, Edeen PT, Faraoni R, Floyd M, Hunt JP, Lockhart DJ, Milanov ZV, Morrison MJ, Pallares G, Patel HK, Pritchard S, Wodicka LM, Zarrinkar PP (2008). "A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity". Nat. Biotechnol. 26 (1): 127–132. doi:10.1038/nbt1358. PMID 18183025.
  5. ↑ Tanramluk D, Schreyer A, Pitt WR, Blundell TL (2009). "On the origins of enzyme inhibitor selectivity and promiscuity: a case study of protein kinase binding to staurosporine". Chem Biol Drug Des. 74 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00832.x. PMC 2737611. PMID 19519740.
  6. ↑ Chae HJ, Kang JS, Byun JO, Han KS, Kim DU, Oh SM, Kim HM, Chae SW, Kim HR (2000). "Molecular mechanism of staurosporine-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts". Pharmacological Research. 42 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1006/phrs.2000.0700. PMID 10987998.
  7. ↑ Midostaurin product page, Fermentek
  8. ↑ Wang, Y; Yin, OQ; Graf, P; Kisicki, JC; Schran, H (2008). "Dose- and Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics of Midostaurin in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus". J Clin Pharmacol 48 (6): 763–775. doi:10.1177/0091270008318006. PMID 18508951.
  9. 1 2 3 Ryan KS (2008). "Structural studies of rebeccamycin, staurosporine, and violacein biosynthetic enzymes" (PDF). Ph.D. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  10. ↑ News Release (21 October 2013). "Study Identifies Safe Delivery System for Tricky Yet Highly Potent Anti-Cancer Compounds". UC San Diego Health System. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Mukthavaram, Rajesh; Jiang, Pengei; Saklecha, Rohit; Simbery, Dmitri; Bharati, Ila; Nomura, Natsuko; Chao, Ying; Pastorino, Sandra (2013). "High-efficiency liposomal encapsulation of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor leads to improved in vivo toxicity and tumor response profile". International Journal of Nanomedicine (Dovepress) 8 (1): 3991–4006. doi:10.2147/IJN.S51949.
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