Stearman 4

Stearman 4
Restored Stearman 4-CM-1 Junior Speedmail
Role Mailplane/transport
National origin United States
Manufacturer Stearman Aircraft
Designer Lloyd Stearman
First flight 1930
Status Several currently fly in private ownership
Primary user Commercial air carriers
Number built 41
Unit cost
$16,000 base for a model 4-E in 1929[1]
Developed from Stearman C3
A Stearman 4-EM Senior Speedmail in the Canada Aviation Museum.

The Stearman 4 is an American commercial biplane that was manufactured in the 1920s by Stearman Aircraft. They were marketed at the time as fast and luxurious executive transports and mail planes for about US$16,000.[1][2]

Development

Stearman Aircraft developed the Model 4 from the C3, adding a deeper fuselage and offering a range of more powerful engines. These features enabled the Model 4 to carry heavier cargo loads. Being larger than the C3, but smaller than the M-2 and LT-1 models, it filled a gap in the Stearman product line. Designer Lloyd Stearman said that it was the best airplane he ever designed.[3] Heaters were provided for both cockpits.

Operational history

Stearman sold the Model 4 to commercial operators in the United States, building 41 before ending production. Users of the type included Varney Air Lines and American Airways (later American Airlines). Standard Oil operated three Junior Speedmails for product promotion. The aircraft was produced in Wichita, Kansas from September 1929 to August 1930.[4]

In Canada, Trans-Canada Air Lines (later Air Canada) bought three Stearman for pilot training and surveying new routes and were used from 1937 to 1939. One of them was sold in March 1939.[5]

1930s socialite aviatrix Aline Rhonie flew NC796H (which still exists but is now registered as NC774H) out of Long Island, New York, before later joining the British war effort with the Air Transport Auxiliary.[6]

The aircraft's rugged construction helped it survive heavy handling and loads, and thirteen remained on the U.S. Civil Register in 1965.[7] Several were operated as crop dusters, with their forward mail compartment converted into a hopper. Many later passed to private owners of veteran planes and are airworthy or in museums.[8]

Variants

Stearman 4-C Junior Speedmail CF-CCH showing characteristic front manifold exhaust of the Wright J6 radial.
Stearman 4-RM showing off its inline Ranger engine.

The first letter of the designation refers to the engine while an M indicates that it was intended as a mailplane, with the forward compartment covered. Minor modifications were made to the design which were reflected in the use of -1 after the designation. Reference: Simpson[9]

4-C/C-4/C-4A Junior Speedmail (Approved Type Certificate (ATC) 304)[10]
powered by 300 hp (224 kW) Wright J6-9 radial, 10 built.[11]
4-CM Senior Speedmail (ATC 325)[12]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-C. 15 built including three converted from 4-Cs.[12]
4-D Junior Speedmail (ATC 305)[13]
First certified aircraft with the then new 300 hp (224 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior,[13] 8 were built, including 1 as 4-DX.
4-DX Junior Speedmail (ATC 2-406)[14]
One built[15] with a 400 hp (298 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp S1A and a canopy over both cockpits.[14]
4-DM Senior Speedmail (ATC 326)[16]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-D. Two built, both converted from other models.[16]
4-E/C4W Junior Speedmail (ATC 292)[17]
420 hp (313 kW) Pratt & Whitney C-1 Wasp or 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp[1] 11 built.[18]
4-EX Senior Speedmail (ATC 2-279)
One customized 4-E built for Standard Oil with a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC.[14]
4-EM Senior Speedmail (ATC 322)[19]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-E.
4-RM Special (no ATC issued)
One 4-CM was converted into a four seater and powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Ranger GV-770.[14]
Model 80 Sportster (ATC 504)[20]
1933 one-off custom two-seater with dual controls and an enclosed canopy for the rear cockpit, with a 420 hp (313 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior T3A engine.[20]
Model 81 (ATC 504)[20]
One built as a trainer variant of the 80 with enclosed canopy over both cockpits.[13] Sold to the Mexican government after a tour of South America while on floats.[13]

Operators

Northern Airways Stearman 4-EM CF-ASF with crop dusting attachment under the fuselage

 Canada

 United States

Survivors

Stearman 4-E NC667K at 2013 SUN 'n FUN fly-in

Specifications (4-E)

Data from Green, 1965, p.298

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Thomas E Lowe, Kennith D Wilson (Summer 1982). "Saga of a Square Tail Stearman". AAHS Journal.
  2. 1 2 3 "Vintage Time Machine; The Resurrection of the Jimmie Allen Junior Speedmail". Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  3. ↑ Skyways: 42. January 1999. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Thomas E Lowe and Kennith D Wilson. "Saga of a square tail stearman". Journal of AAHS.
  5. ↑ "Historical Fleet - Stearman". Air Canada.
  6. ↑ url=http://www.opencockpit.net/spedmail.html accessdate=March 2016
  7. ↑ Green, 1965, p. 298
  8. ↑ Ogden, 2007, p. 604
  9. ↑ Simpson, 2001, p. 521
  10. 1 2 3 Juptner, 1993, p.19
  11. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.21
  12. 1 2 Juptner, 1993, p.89
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Juptner, 1993, p.22
  14. 1 2 3 4 url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_stear.html accessdate March 2016
  15. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.24
  16. 1 2 Juptner, 1993, p.92
  17. ↑ Juptner, 1966, p.261
  18. ↑ Juptner, 1966, pp.262-263
  19. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.
  20. 1 2 3 Juptner, 1974, p.20
  21. 1 2 3 Canada Aviation Museum (2016). "Stearman 4-EM Senior Speedmail". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  22. ↑ url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_CF-1.html accessdate=March 2016
  23. 1 2 url=http://www.antiqueairfield.com/articles/show/1536-a-rare-stearman-returned-home accessdate=March 2016
  24. ↑ Davies, 1998, p=78-79
  25. ↑ Davies, 1998, p=143
  26. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N663K.html accessdate=March 2016
  27. ↑ "Sun 'n Fun Fly-In and Expo Facebook Page Award Album". Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  28. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N785H.html accessdate=March 2016
  29. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N774H.html accessdate=March 2016
  30. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N11224.html accessdate=March 2016
  31. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N485W.html accessdate=March 2016
  32. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N488W.html accessdate=March 2016
  33. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N489W.html accessdate=March 2016
  34. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N11722.html accessdate=March 2016

Bibliography

  • Bowers, Peter M. (1998). Wings of Stearman: The Story of Lloyd Stearman and the Classic Stearman Biplanes (Historic Aircraft Series). Flying Books. ISBN 978-0911139280. 
  • Davies, R.E.G. (1998). Airlines of the United States since 1914. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-888962-08-9. 
  • Green, William (1965). The Aircraft of the World. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. OCLC 2641875. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1966). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 3 (ATC 201 - 300). Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers. pp. 261–263. LCCN 62-15967. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1993). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 4 (ATC 301 - 400). Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Aero. pp. 19–24, 80–82, 89–94. LCCN 62-15967. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1974). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 6 (ATC 501 - 600). Aero Publishers, Inc. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0-8168-9170-2. 
  • Ogden, Bob (2007). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-385-4. 
  • Phillips, Edward H. (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1580070874. 
  • Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3. 

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