Picul

Picul
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	擔
Simplified Chinese	担
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin dàn Wade–Giles tan Hakka Romanization tâm Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization daam Southern Min Hokkien POJ tàⁿ
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese	đảm
Korean name
Hangul	담
Hanja	擔
Transcriptions Revised Romanization dam
Japanese name
Kanji	担
Hiragana	たん
Transcriptions Romanization tan
Malay name
Malay	pikul
Indonesian name
Indonesian	pikul

A picul /ˈpɪkəl/^[1] or tam^[2] is a traditional Asian unit of weight, defined as "a shoulder-load, as much as a man can carry on a shoulder-pole".^[1]

History

The word pikul appeared as early as the mid 9th century in Javanese.

Following Spanish, Portuguese, British and most especially the Dutch colonial maritime trade, the term picul was both a convenient unit, and a lingua franca unit that was widely understood and employed by other Austronesians (in modern Malaysia and the Philippines) and their centuries-old trading relations with Indians, Chinese and Arabs. It remained a convenient reference unit for many commercial trade journals in the 19th century. One example is Hunts Merchant Magazine of 1859 giving detailed tables of expected prices of various commodities, such as coffee, e.g. one pikul of Javanese coffee could be expected to be bought from 8 to 8.50 Spanish dollars in Batavia and Singapore.^[3]

Definitions

A 1903 map showing opium production in China measured in piculs

As for any traditional measurement unit, the exact definition of the picul varied historically and regionally. In imperial China and later, the unit was used for a measure equivalent to 100 catties.^[4]

In 1831, the Dutch East Indies authorities acknowledged local variances in the definition of the pikul.^[5] In Hong Kong, one picul was defined in Ordinance No. 22 of 1844 as 133 ¹⁄₃ avoirdupois pounds.^[6] The modern definition is exactly 60.478982 kilograms.^[2] The measure was and remains used on occasion in Taiwan where it is defined as 60 kg.^[7] The last, a measure of rice, was 20 picul, or 1,200 kg.^[8]

The stone

While the character "石" ("stone") is normally pronounced shi (Cantonese: sek6), as a unit of measure it is pronounced dàn (Cantonese: daam3).^[4]

Historically, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the stone was used as a unit of measurement equal to 120 catties. Government officials at the time were paid in grain, counted in stones. The amount of salary in weight was then used as a ranking system for officials, with the top ministers being paid 2000 stones.^[9]

In the early days of Hong Kong as a British colony, the stone (石, with a Cantonese pronunciation given as shik) was used as a measurement of weight equal to 120 catties or 160 pounds (72.6 kg), alongside the picul of 100 catties.^[6] It was made obsolete by subsequent overriding legislation in 1885, which included the picul but not the stone.^[10]

References

1. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178784 "Picul" entry] at the OED Online.
2. "Weights and Measures Ordinance". The Law of Hong Kong.
3. Freeman Hunt, Thomas Prentice Kettell, William Buck Dana. Hunt's merchants' magazine and commercial review, Volume 41.Freeman Hunt, 1859 Google PDF download:
4. 新华字典 (Xīnhuá Zìdiǎn), Peking, 1984.
5. Abdul Rasyid Asba. Kopra Makassar: perebutan pusat dan daerah : kajian sejarah ekonomi politik regional di Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007. ISBN 978-979-461-634-5. 318 pages quoting Algemen Verslag Resdientie Banoemas 1831: ANRIJ and ANRIJ Makassar 291/18: Chinne Verslag van de Havenmeester
6. Weights and Measures – Ordinance No. 22 of 1844, Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online.
7. Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan from the Republic of China Yearbook--Taiwan 2001.
8. Andrade, Tonio (2005). "Appendix A: Weights, Measures, and Exchange Rates". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.
9. 《漢書》 百官公卿表
10. Weights and Measures Ordinance, 1885, Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online.