Stoning of Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow

Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow

Memorial picture of Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow
Died October 27, 2008
Kismayo, Somalia
Cause of death Executed by stoning
Nationality Somalia

The stoning of Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow was a public execution carried out by the Al-Shabaab militant group on October 27, 2008 in the southern port town of Kismayo, Somalia. Initial reports stated that the victim, Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow, was a 23-year-old woman found guilty of adultery. However, Duhulow's father and aunt stated that she was 13 years old, under the age of marriage eligibility, and that she was arrested and stoned to death after trying to report that she had been raped. The execution took place in a public stadium attended by about 1,000 bystanders, several of whom attempted to intervene but were shot by the militants.[1][2][3]

The stoning was condemned by several human rights groups and was cited as being among the first incidents in the civil war in Somalia to be widely reported in the Western media.[4] According to Amnesty International, Al-Shabaab had formally charged Duhulow with adultery despite the fact that convicting a girl her age of adultery would be illegal according to Islamic law.[5]

Background

In 1991, the government of then President of Somalia Siad Barre was overthrown by a coalition of armed factions.[6] The Islamic Courts Union (ICU) took control of the southern half of Somalia in 2006, imposing Shari'a law.[7] In 2006, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) assisted by Ethiopian troops re-captured the capital Mogadishu, largely driving the ICU's leaders out of the country. Al-Shabaab, the ICU's militant and youth branch, subsequently took up irregular warfare and guerrilla tactics against the allied forces.[6][7] In 2008, the group was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, which launched missile strikes against the militants early in the year.[8] Several thousand local civilians were killed by the militants during the height of the insurgency between December 2006 and October 2008. In the months leading up to Duhulow's execution, Al-Shabaab had been gaining strength, as it had seized control of the Kismayo port, essentially shut down the Mogadishu airport, and dismantled pro-government roadblocks.[6]

Incident

Duhulow and her family moved to the southern city of Kismayo, Somalia from the Hagardeer refugee camp in Dadaab, Kenya in July 2008.[9][10] According to one of her teachers, Muno Mohamed Osman, who had taught Duhulow for a few months and did not remember her well, she struggled during class and "didn't look mentally fit[...] She was always in trouble with students, teachers[...] She was just a child."[10] Three months after her arrival in Kismayo, Duhulow was reportedly raped by three armed men while travelling on foot to visit her grandmother in Mogadishu in October 2008.[9][11] Her aunt took her to a police station to report the incident to the Al-Shabaab Islamist militia in Kismayo, which at the time controlled the city's court system. They were asked to return to the station a few days later, having been told that two suspects had been apprehended. Duhulow was subsequently arrested by the insurgents under charges that she had "chatted up" the men and committed adultery.[11] She was then sentenced to death by stoning. The militant tribunal asserted that Duhulow had come to it with an admission of guilt, and that she was repeatedly asked to reconsider her confession but that she instead insisted that she wanted Sharia law and the attendant punishment to be applied.[5] One militant, Sheik Hayakalah, stated that "the evidence came from her side and she officially confirmed her guilt[...] She told us that she was happy with the punishment under Islamic law."[12] No attempts were made by the insurgent group to apprehend Duhulow's purported attackers.[13]

Execution

On October 27, 2008, during the afternoon, several militants transported Duhulow to a public stadium in Kismayo containing around 1,000 people.[5][13] She reportedly struggled with the insurgents and at one point screamed, "What do you want from me[...] I'm not going, I'm not going. Don't kill me."[5] Four militants subsequently forced Duhulow into a dug out hole, burying her up to the neck.[13] Around 50 militants participated in the ensuing execution, throwing rocks at her head.[14] According to witnesses, nurses were then instructed to verify whether Duhulow was still alive.[13][15] After ten minutes, she was dug out of the hole and two nurses confirmed that she was still alive, after which point Duhulow was put back in the hole and the stoning resumed. Although many witnesses to the event were too afraid of the armed militants to intervene, several bystanders attempted to save her. The insurgents responded by opening fire on them, in the process killing an eight-year-old boy.[2][13] An Al-Shabaab spokesman later apologized for the child's death, and pledged that the shooter would be punished.[2]

Impact

In December 2008, Nada Ali of Human Rights Watch (HWR) cited Duhulow as an example of females in the parts of south-central Somalia that were at the time under insurgent control who had little recourse to fair trials and health services. She stated, "Aisha's horrific death is likely to discourage rape victims from reporting rape or seeking justice from the Islamist insurgents." Ali also urged the Security Council to form an international investigative commission to inquire into the worst crimes reportedly committed against civilians during the conflict.[16]

CBC journalist Debi Goodwin wrote, "To the world, Aisha became a symbol of the dangers of extremism."[10] On October 27, 2010, a "2nd Annual Memorial Lecture" was held by the Newcastle Amnesty Group to commemorate the second anniversary of Duhulow's death.[17] That same year, Associate Professor Susanne Scholtz dedicated her book, Sacred Witness, to her great-aunt, the rape victims in the Congo, and Duhulow, saying, "I honor Aisha and what she had to endure in her young life."[18]

Responses

Al-Shabaab

The Al-Shabaab militia prohibited journalists from taking any pictures of the stoning, but allowed them to document the event.[1] Militants initially reported that the stoning victim was a woman who had confessed to adultery. Witnesses and local journalists estimated her age at 23 based on her appearance.[2][15] A few days later, Amnesty International reported that Duhulow's father had told them that she was only 13, under the age of marriage eligibility, and that she was arrested and executed after trying to report that she had been raped.[1][15] Her aunt, who had taken her to the police to report the alleged assault, reiterated the father's statement regarding her age.[11] A human rights activist in the area subsequently informed BBC News that he had received death threats from Al-Shabaab for allegedly disseminating false information on the incident. However, he denied any involvement with the Amnesty press release.[1]

International organizations

Notable reactions by international organizations immediately after the Duhulow incident included:

Local reactions

Mohamed Abdullahi, director of the Somali Community Initiative in the United Kingdom, said that many Somali immigrants in the UK had been sympathetic to Al-Shabaab in the previous years and had sent funds to it. He further said, "Over here in Britain, they are not seeing the violence that they are fuelling, or realising that al-Shabaab has some very hardline policies. Many people here were shocked to hear about the stoning incident, and said that it was not Islamic. In that case, they should think twice about sending money."[8]

The African newspaper Maghrebia reported that the incident drew outrage in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. Bassima Hakkaoui, a Moroccan Islamist Justice and Development Party MP, commented, "In principle, the state has laws which specify which party is supposed to give judgement, along with the nature of the crime. It defies logic to hand down a death sentence to a woman who has been raped." Islamic educationalist Hamid Baalla agreed, saying, "You cannot describe people who resort to such actions as Muslim. These people are radicals and extremists."[23] It was described as "inhumane, barbarous" by Moroccan Organization for Human Rights President Amina Bouayache and as "an act of terrorism towards the Somali people, particularly women" by women's rights activist Hind Mbarki.[23]

The stoning was equally condemned in Tunisia and Algeria, where head of the Mounia Association for the Protection of Single Women Zakia Gawaou described the situation as unacceptable.[23] Muslim scholar Houssine Mohamed stated, "Adultery, in Aisha's case, was not voluntary. She was a victim of rape, as is the case of many young girls and women in Algeria who are raped by extremists. Therefore, sentencing her to death cannot be related to Islam."[23] Khadija Cherif, President of the Tunisian Association of Democratic Women, said, "We condemn violence against women for whatever reason or purpose, especially violence that denies human beings of their right to live."[23] Sofiene Ben Hmida, a member of the Tunisian League for the Defence of Human Rights, remarked, "This is an act committed by people who are living outside history. The danger doesn't lie with those people, but with those who just watch what they do without confronting them strongly and firmly."[23] Dr. Iqbal Gharbi, professor of Sharia and Religious Principles at Zeitouna University, called the incident an "act of barbarism worthy of denunciation".[23]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Stoning victim 'begged for mercy'". BBC News. November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Somalia: Girl stoned was a child of 13". Amnesty International. October 31, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Rape victim stoned dead". The Age. November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  4. ↑ "London fundraisers linked to stoning of 13-year-old". WorldNetDaily. November 11, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Stoning victim 'begged for mercy'". BBC News. November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 "Amnesty International Denounces Stoning Death of 13-Year-Old Somali Girl". Fox News. November 2, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  7. 1 2 "Somali fighters stone 'rape victim'". Al-Jazeerah. November 2, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  8. 1 2 Freeman, Colin (November 8, 2008). "Somali "Taliban" behind stoning of 13-year-old girl gets funding from Britain". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  9. 1 2 "Rape Victim Stoned to Death in Somalia Was 13, U.N. Says". New York Times. November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 Goodwin 2011, p. 139.
  11. 1 2 3 Benson and Stangroom 2012, p. 173.
  12. ↑ "Girl, 13, stoned to death in Somalia as 1,000 watch; charged with adultery after rape". New York Daily News. November 1, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Howden, Daniel (November 9, 2008). "'Don't kill me,' she screamed. Then they stoned her to death". The Independent. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  14. ↑ Pollitt, Katha (March 9, 2010). "The Nation: US Ranks 31 In The Global Gender Gap". NPR. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 McGreal, Chris (November 2, 2008). "Somalian rape victim, 13, stoned to death". The Guardian. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  16. ↑ "And what about Somali women?". Human Rights Watch. December 9, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  17. ↑ Dickinson 2012, p. 131.
  18. ↑ Scholtz 2010, p. XII.
  19. ↑ "Somalia: UNICEF speaks out against stoning death of 13-year-old rape victim". UN News Center. November 4, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  20. ↑ Williams, David (November 5, 2008). "Somali girl 'pleaded for mercy' before Islamists stoned her to death for being raped". Daily Mail. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Somali stoning victim was a mere child, not an adulterous woman". Afrol. November 7, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  22. ↑ Rodriguez, Julie (November 20, 2008). "Somali Rape Victim Stoned, Disabled Women Face Greater Risk of Abuse". FNews Magazine. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Touahri, Sarah; Arfaoui, Jamel; Jameh, Said (November 7, 2008). "Maghreb citizens outraged by stoning of raped Somali girl". Maghrebia. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

Bibliography

External links

Further reading

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