House of Sułkowski

Sułkowski

Ethnicity Polish
Current region Austria, Germany, Poland, United States
Place of origin Sułków, Poland

The Sułkowski (Polish plural: Sułkowscy) family is a Polish family of nobility and gentry consisting of famous members and having owned palaces in Rydzyna and Bielsko.

Coat of arms and motto

Family motto: All for the Fatherland.

History

The origins of the Sułkowski family are relatively obscure. The Sułkowski family originally lived in a village known as Sułków, now known as Sułkowo Borowe, in the Mława district 100 kilometers (62 mi) north of Warsaw. Of the family manor house, only a single gatepost remains. Close by there is a wooden church built in 1644. The earliest records are from the 16th century. For the first four generations only the oldest son has been recorded.

Aleksander Józef Sułkowski, the progenitor of the Sułkowski noble line.

According to some sources, Elżbieta Szalewska had a liaison with Augustus II the Strong and bore him an illegitimate son. Her husband, Stanisław Sułkowski, gave this child, Aleksander Józef Sułkowski, his last name. On March 18, 1754, he gained from Queen Maria Theresa of Austria the title of Reichsfürst, along with the right of primogeniture. Additionally, in the same year, the princely title was granted to every descending member of the Sułkowski family.

In 1752, the State Country (Status Maiores) of Bielsko was purchased by Aleksander Józef. In that same year, the State Country was changed to the status of a principality (Fürstentum). On November 2, 1754, Bohemian Queen Maria Theresa of Austria created the Duchy of Bielsko (Herzogtum Bielitz). The next owners of the nominal Duchy had the right to the title of Herzog (Duke), while other members of the family were titled Fürst (Prince).

Aleksander Józef was the progenitor of the Bielsko line and the first of the Bielsko ordynats. Antoni, who established the Sułkowski Ordynat, was the progenitor of the "Wielkopolska", or Rydzyna, line of the Sułkowski family. The Rydzyna line became extinct in 1909 along with the death of the sixth and last Ordynat of Rydzyna, Antoni Stanisław.[1] His two sons having produced no heirs, according to the rules of the ordynat, his fortune of over 10,000 hectares of land went into the possession of the Prussian government.

August Kazimierz's second youngest brother, Franciszek, did not join the Sułkowski Ordynat and obtained for himself an inheritance, to which entered the Bielsko castle and its fortune. The Bielsko ordynat was inherited by his son Aleksander, and after him, Jan. After Jan, the ordynat passed into the hands of his son Ludwik Jan Nepomucen, and next it was inherited by his son Jozef Maria Ludwik. Aleksander Ludwik was the last Ordynat of Bielsko.[2] The descendants of this line have continued to the present day in America, Austria, and Germany.

Sułkowski Ordynat

On May 6, 1776, Aleksander Józef's oldest son, August Kazimierz, created the Rydzyna Ordynat (also known as the Sułkowski Ordynat), thus causing the younger Rydzyna line to separate from the older Bielsko line created by his father.[2] His inheritances were placed into this ordynat. The Ordynat fortune was willed to the Komisja Edukacjna Narodowa in the moment of the death of the last male heir of the family. The Ordynat was to then take the name of Fundacja Książat Sułkowskich.

On January 16, 1783, the Sułkowski Ordynat gained the inheritances of his younger brother Aleksander Antoni, and half of his third youngest brother's, Antoni, fortunes. The Sułkowski Ordynat contained most of the town of Rydzyna along with its castle, several parcels of Leszno, Kobylin, and over 25 villages and small towns in that part of Wielkopolska, as well as several parcels in Warsaw and other parts of Poland.

Shortly after the last announcement of the Ordynat, two of the oldest brothers, August Kazimierz and Aleksander Antoni, died in 1786, both heirless. The Ordynat was thus taken up by Antoni. The debts incurred by the two brothers and by the Ordynat itself caused him great problems. He appealed to the Sejm and in 1791 was allowed to sell the possessions in Kobylin, Zduny, and Wijewo for over 3 million zloty. The occupation of the country by the Prussian and Russian armies in 1792 and, ultimately, the partitions of Poland increased the financial problems. In January 1796, Antoni died, leaving all complications to his widow and only child, his 11-year-old son, Antoni Paweł.

Prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski

Baron Lestwitz, from the close-by fortune of Czyrniny, helped Antoni's widow in the administration of the large debts passed to her from her husband. In September 1798, the courts passed the verdict of liquidation of personal property, not including real property. In November and December of that year, in Leszno, furniture, libraries, and items from the Rydzyna Castle were sold. The Prussian government stated that the properties within the Ordynat did not fall under the creditors pretensions.

During this time, the Napoleonic Wars had come. At the age of 22, Antoni Paweł entered the Napoleonic army and took part in battles in Spain and the invasion of Russia. After the death of Józef Poniatowski, for a short of amount of time, he took command over the Polish Corps. He returned to Rydzyna in 1815 and took on the responsibility of the Ordynat. Due to lack of funds, the orangery and other buildings were liquidated. Afterward, the financial status improved somewhat and Antoni Paweł changed the layout of the Rydzyna Castle park from the French to the English Style.

In April 1836, Antoni Paweł died. The care of his 16-year-old son August Antoni went to Luwigsdorf-Frankenberg, Chief Justice of Poznań. He adequately took care of Ordynat business. However, when August Antoni became an adult and married Maria Mycielska in 1843, the situation worsened again on account of the couple's extravagant style in their social life. In addition, there was the Prussian agricultural reform. In 14 village gminas belonged to the Ordynat, around 2500 hectares of land was divided amongst peasants.

After the death of August Antoni in November 1882, the Ordynat passed to his son, Antoni Stanisław, who was by then 38 years old. With his first wife, Countess Maria Emma Gislana de Sanchez d'Alcantara, he had two sons – Aleksander and Franciszek. Both sons died heirless while Antoni Stanisław was alive.

Therefore, after the death of the last ordynat, Antoni Stanisław on June 15, 1909, according to Article III, the property of the Sułkowski Ordynat was to be given to the use of the Komisja Edukacjna Narodowa under the name of Fundacja Kziazat Sułkowskich. Antoni Stanisław believed that this article was not valid, since the Komisja no longer existed. Before his death, in 1905, he signed in Berlin an inheritance agreement recognizing his cousins Henryk Potocki and Antoni Wodzicki as universal inheritors of his property. The Prussian government, however, believed that the Pruskie Kolegium Szkolne were the legal substitute of the Komisja, and the courts in Poznań agreed.

Following this, in September 1909, the Pruskie Kolegium Szkolne was written into the perpetual usufruct books at Rydzyna as the new owners of the Fundacja. The Fundacja had at that time a little over 7643 hectares.

Family residences

Descendants of Aleksander Józef Sułkowski

Aleksander Józef Sułkowski (13 March 1695 in Kraków – 21 May 1762 in Leszno) was a favorite companion of August III the Saxon, son of August II, and his Minister of State in Saxony from 1733 to 1738. He was created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1733, and elevated to the rank of Prince by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in 1752. He married Baroness Maria Francis Stein zu Jettingen (1712–1741) in October 1728. They had a total of eight children, with four sons and three daughters.

  1. August Kazimierz (15 November 1729 in Dresden – 7 January 1786 in Leszno). Royal Chamberlain, general of the royal army, commander of the Rydzyna infantry regiment, Marshal of the Sejm (Polish parliament) 1775–1776. He completed his father's work of expanding the Rydzyna Castle and created the Sułkowski Foundation. He married Louise Mniszech in 1766 but had no children.
  2. Alexander Antoni (15 October 1730 – 21 September 1786). General of the royal army 1785. He married Eleanor Cetner in 1755 but had no children.
  3. Franciszek – Founder of the Bielsko line.
  4. Antoni – Founder of the Rydzyna line.
  5. Marianna (1728–1749)(m.1747) Franciszek Jakub Szembek
  6. Joanna (1736–1800)(m.1750) Prince Peter Sapieha. No children.
  7. Josepha Petronela (1737–1756)(m.1753) Prince Ignacy Potocki. Two children – Marianna and Alexander Potocki.

The Rydzyna princes

Since Antoni Stanisław's two sons predeceased him with no children, upon his death in 1909, the Rydzyna line of Princes Sułkowski ended.

The Bielsko princes

Descendants from this line are known to be living in Austria, Germany, Hungary and North America.

Descendants of Stanisław Sułkowski

Józef Sułkowski; portrait by
Antoni Brodowski

Stanisław and his wife went on to have four other children, who formed the gentry branch of the Sułkowski family. This family line, although gentry, do not carry princely titles.

  1. Antoni (c.1700 – c.1753)
  2. Michael (c.1700–1747) He became a general in the army of Saxony, colonel. He never married.
  3. Stanisław (- 1749) He became a priest in Warsaw.
  4. Elizabeth (m.1st) Jakub Luba (m.2nd) Kazimierz Nowosielski

Descendants from this line have presumably continued until the present day.

Tadeusz Sułkowski – poet; b. 15.10.1907 in Skierniewice, Poland; d. 26.07.1960 in London. Father: Tadeusz, mother Florentyna Konarska. Studied Polish literature at Warsaw University. In September 1939 wounded in the battle of river Bzura, taken prisoner of war. Was in Oflag Murnau. After war ended reached the Polish Second Corps in Italy. Demobilized in London, he was manager of the home for Polish artists on Finchley Road, where he lived until his death. Many of his poems were printed in Polish magazines in England. A volume of his poetry was published in Poland in 1980.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Urzad Miasta i Gminy Rydzyna. Sulkowscy. Retrieved on 2009-10-24
  2. 1 2 3 Internet Portal of the Town of Bielsko-Biała. The Sułkowski Castle. Retrieved on 2009-10-24

External links

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