Subadditive set function

In mathematics, a subadditive set function is a set function whose value, informally, has the property that the value of function on the union of two sets is at most the sum of values of the function on each of the sets. This is thematically related to the subadditivity property of real-valued functions.

Definition

Let $\Omega$ be a set and $f \colon 2^{\Omega} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a set function, where $2^\Omega$ denotes the power set of $\Omega$. The function f is subadditive if for each subset $S$ and $T$ of $\Omega$, we have $f(S) + f(T) \geq f(S \cup T)$.^[1][2]

Examples of subadditive functions

Every non-negative submodular set function is subadditive (the family of submodular functions is strictly contained in the family of subadditive functions).

The function that counts the number of sets required to cover a given set is subadditive. Let $T_1, \dotsc, T_m \subseteq \Omega$ such that $\cup_{i=1}^m T_i=\Omega$. Define $f$ as the minimum number of subsets required to cover a given set. Formally, $f(S)$ is the minimum number $t$ such that there are sets $T_{i_1}, \dotsc, T_{i_t}$ satisfying $S\subseteq \cup_{j=1}^t T_{i_j}$. Then $f$ is subadditive.

The maximum of additive set functions is subadditive (dually, the minimum of additive functions is superadditive). Formally, for each $i \in \{1, \dotsc, m\}$, let $a_i \colon \Omega \to \mathbb{R}_+$ be additive set functions. Then $f(S)=\max_{i}\left(\sum_{x\in S}a_i(x)\right)$ is a subadditive set function.

Fractionally subadditive set functions are a generalization of submodular functions and a special case of subadditive functions. A subadditive function $f$ is furthermore fractionally subadditive if it satisfies the following definition.^[1] For every $S \subseteq \Omega$, every $X_1, \dotsc, X_n \subseteq \Omega$, and every $\alpha_1, \dotsc, \alpha_n \in [0, 1]$, if $1_S \leq \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i 1_{X_i}$, then $f(S) \leq \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i f(X_i)$. The set of fractionally subadditive functions equals the set of functions that can be expressed as the maximum of additive functions, as in the example in the previous paragraph.^[1]

Properties

If f is a submodular set function and T is a subset of Ω in which each element of Ω is included in T with probability p, then the expected value of f(T) is at least pf(Ω).

See also

• Submodular set function
• Utility functions on indivisible goods

Citations

1. Feige, Uriel (2009). "On Maximizing Welfare when Utility Functions are Subadditive". SIAM Journal on Computing 39 (1). pp. 122–142. doi:10.1137/070680977.
2. Dobzinski, Shahar; Nisan, Noam; Schapira, Michael (2010). "Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Auctions with Complement-Free Bidders". Mathematics of Operations Research 35 (1). pp. 1–13. doi:10.1145/1060590.1060681.