Super Bass
"Super Bass" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single by Nicki Minaj | ||||
from the album Pink Friday (Deluxe Edition) | ||||
B-side | "Moment 4 Life" | |||
Released |
April 5, 2011 (see release history) | |||
Format | ||||
Genre | Pop-rap[1] | |||
Length | 3:19 | |||
Label | ||||
Writer(s) | ||||
Producer(s) | Kane Beatz | |||
Certification | 8× Platinum (RIAA) | |||
Nicki Minaj singles chronology | ||||
|
"Super Bass" is a song by Trinidadian-American recording artist Nicki Minaj from the deluxe edition of her debut studio album, Pink Friday (2010). It was sent to US rhythmic radio stations as the album's fifth single on April 5, 2011, while "Girls Fall like Dominoes" was released in the British Isles, Australia, and New Zealand. The song was co-written by Minaj, along with Ester Dean, Roahn Hylton and Kane Beatz, who also produced the song along with JMIKE. According to Minaj, the song's lyrics detail the story of a playful romance between a male and a female. The pop-rap song contains electronic influences, while Minaj raps over a hip hop beat.
"Super Bass" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who complimented its catchy hook, lyrical context, and chorus. The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in New Zealand, as well as number six in Australia and Canada. It also reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart. An accompanying music video for the single was shot in March 2011 by director Sanaa Hamri. The video shows Minaj playfully taunting a group of men and makes use of multiple props, all of which are colored bubblegum pink. It received generally positive reviews from critics, most of whom complimented the "eye candy" and colorful visuals seen throughout the video. As of 2014, "Super Bass" has sold 5 million copies in the US alone & over 10 million copies worldwide.
Music and lyrics
"Super Bass"
"Super Bass" blends electronic music and pop over a hip-hop beat. | |
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
"Super Bass" was co-written by Minaj, Ester Dean, Roahn Hylton,[2][3] and Daniel "Kane Beatz" Johnson, who produced the song alongside JMIKE.[4] While being interviewed by MTV News during the video shoot for the single, Minaj explained the song's concept, stating: "'Super Bass' is about the boy that you are crushing over, [...] And you kind of want to get your mack on, but you're taking the playful approach."[5] The song utilizes electronic music and pop in its composition, while Minaj raps over a hip hop beat,[6] while also infusing elements of J-pop combined with an upbeat hook.[7][8][9] It uses a busy beat that is interspersed with digital rain drop sound effects and strong bass. Minaj's vocals in the song have been described as "breathy".[10] "Super Bass" is written in the key of B major with a moderate tempo of 128 beats per minute.[11] Minaj's lyrics in the song are often provocative and suggestive, with lines like "He just gotta give me that look, when he give me that look / Then the panties comin' off, off, uh" and a catchy onomatopoetic refrain: "Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass, he got dat super bass".[8]
Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly stated that the song describes Minaj's type of man as "one who hits the gym often and has first-class... money" as she states: "He pops bottles and he’s got the right kind of build.... He’s always in the air / But he never flies coach".[12] Charley Rogulewski of AOL's The Boombox stated that "the uber-catchy 'boom, badoom, boom, boom' chorus makes 'Super Bass' the most pop-friendly Minaj song released to radio [sic] yet".[13] Described as a lighter side to Minaj by Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press, the song gets more in-depth with a little more pop and an upbeat hook that "really sticks"; however, Minaj still assists the song's pop edge with "crazy rapping skills".[9]
Critical reception
"Super Bass" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun gave the song a positive review, stating that it was an "obvious hit". He compared the song to the rest of Pink Friday, stating that it is much more potent as compared to the rest of the album.[10] Case later added: "Pink Friday is short on memorable hooks, but 'Super Bass' is an exception".[10] Rap-Up described the tune as "infectious".[14] Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press complimented Nicki Minaj for taking "center stage" on the song, due to her solo performance, and added that in doing so Minaj created a success.[15] Sinclair additionally commented on the song as a lighter side to Minaj, and complimented the hook as upbeat and added that it "really sticks".[15] Rosie Gray of BlackBook complimented the song as a "killer".[16] Alex Pielak of Metro compared Minaj's "Super Bass" to Beyoncé's "Move Your Body", stating that: "Nicki wins for the sheer number of words she's managed to cram in – and therefore takes the face off".[8]
Lewis Corner from Digital Spy gave the single four out of a possible five stars. Corner wrote that the song's chorus was "sharper than a Sherbet Dib Dab." Minaj's "eccentric rapping style" was praised in the review with Corner writing that the song was likely to become her first solo top ten hit in the United States or the United Kingdom.[17] Claire Suddath of Time magazine named "Super Bass" one of the Top 10 Songs of 2011.[18] As of January 2015, Billboard listed the song as one of "The 20 Best Songs of 2010s (So Far)".[19] The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked "Super Bass" at number three to find the best music of 2011.
Commercial performance
On the week of May 14, 2011, "Super Bass" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at position 98.[20] The following week it rose 50 spots to number 48.[21] On the week titled May 21, 2011, "Super Bass" debuted on the Hot Rap Songs and Hot Digital Songs charts at number 25 and 31 respectively.[22][23] In its 14th week, the song reached a new peak at number three on the Hot 100, while also having longevity on the charts for 39 weeks; 38 of which were in the top 50.[24] In Canada, "Super Bass" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92.[25] "Super Bass" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 46 on May 21, 2011, and after nine non-consecutive weeks of moving up the chart, reached a peak of number eight on the chart for the week ending August 13, 2011. In December 2013, "Super Bass" was certified 8× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[26] As of December 2014, the song has sold 5 million copies in the United States.[27]
Music video
Background
"I just wanted to do something real colorful and cutesy. This is an icy world, it's a sexy world, it's a playful world. Of course I have lots of eye candy for my girls and my boys [...] We have a lot of little surprises in store for this particular video, [...] I would like to put out 50 videos. The videos really tell the story a lot more elaborately than just the song does."
Minaj explaining the video's inspiration.[5]
On March 10, 2011, Minaj revealed during an interview with MTV News that she was shooting a video for "Super Bass" with director Sanaa Hamri and producers: Kimberly S. Stuckwisch, Michelle Larkin & Keith "KB" Brown. She explained the video's concept, stating that she wanted the video to be full of eye candy and that she wanted it to be colorful.[5][28] On April 26, 2011, Minaj premiered a sneak peek of the music video on BET's 106 & Park.[29] The preview showed Minaj in a pink wig with similarly-clad backup dancers gyrating to the song, wearing a uniform of white tank tops, denim shorts, and different colored work boots and the same laces.[29]
Originally the video was set to premiere on the same show as where the preview was premiered on April 27, 2011, but instead was postponed. Minaj took to Twitter to explain that the music video has been pulled from the show and would not be premiering that date for unknown reasons.[29] The music video instead premiered on Minaj's official Vevo account on May 5, 2011.[30]
Synopsis
The music video begins with a close-up of Minaj as she opens her eyes and begins to blink as the song begins. As Minaj raps verses of the song, Barbie- approved props; a pink Ferrari, pink plane and a pink pool, are shown contemplating what Minaj is saying in the verse.[9] Minaj then begins to playfully tease men as clips of ice-speakers and a motorcycle made of ice are interlaced into the scene. As the chorus begins, Minaj is seen performing choreography with five clones of herself. As the video continues, Minaj is seen in a green wig at a pool side with several well-built men, and then splashing with a man in the pool of pink water. Minaj then continues to ride the motorcycle made of ice while wearing a skintight pink bodysuit emblazoned with giraffe prints, a half-blond and pink wig, gold eye shadow and bright pink lipstick.[5] Minaj then begins to reprise her lap dances in the dark, with black lights setting the glowing tone of the dancers, as Minaj glows in the dark with glowing lips, hair and makeup.[9][30] She and her dancers play in feathers that are also glow in the dark towards the end of the video. The video closes with Safaree S.B. Samuels dancing beside her, and Minaj lit in the black lighting, biting her finger while laying across the lap of a male she gave a lapdance to in the video.
Critical reception and accolades
D.L. Chandler from Rapfix complimented the video's visuals writing, "it is a dazzling visual affair if nothing else".[31] AOL music's Contessa Gayles reviewed the video, writing, "The highlight of the Sanaa Hamri-directed video? The glow-in-the-dark lap-dance scene."[32] On the day of its premiere, Rap-Up complimented the video as "vibrant".[30] Becky Bain of Idolator gave the song a positive review, comparing it to "Judas" stating, "Super Bass had the better choreography in an anxiously-awaited music video featuring a pop star riding a motorcycle released today. (Sorry, 'Judas')".[33] United Kingdom's MTV found Minaj's signature lap dance "saucy" and complimented the clip's use of "hunky men" and "outrageous flirting".[34] Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly stated that there is plenty of "eye candy" for both men and women, stating that Minaj "ratchets up the sex appeal" in the clip.[12] The Sun favored the fluorescent-lighting scene of the music video stating that "She'd be a good person to have with you at Glasto when you're trying to find your tent".[35] Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun complimented the video as wildly stylized that "looks like a comic book come to life".[10] At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Minaj's video for "Super Bass" was nominated under the Best Female Video and Best Hip-Hop Video categories, winning the latter and gaining Minaj her first moonman.[36] As of April 2016, the video has been viewed over 580 million times on YouTube.
Live performances
"Super Bass" was performed live for the first time during the 2011 Billboard Music Awards on May 22, 2011.[37] Minaj performed the song alongside David Guetta at the American Music Awards of 2011 on November 20, 2011, and also performed Guetta's song "Turn Me On", which Minaj was featured on.[38] Minaj also performed the song on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest and on the 2011 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show which aired on November 29, 2011 on CBS.[39][40] The song was the encore song on Minaj's debut concert tour, the Pink Friday Tour. She also has performed the song on her Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour and The Pinkprint Tour.
Minaj performed "Super Bass" at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards followed by "Bed of Lies" (featuring Skylar Grey) and "Anaconda". On May 30, 2015, Minaj also performed the song on the iHeartRadio Summer Pool Party 2015 in Las Vegas.[41]
Cover versions
The song was covered by Karmin and it was released as a single on iTunes on June 6, 2011.[42] Also, British girl group Little Mix (named Rhythmix at the time) covered it on The X Factor in the eighth series which was also featured on their debut single "Cannonball", it was covered in the TV show Glee as a mashup with Mariah Carey's "I Still Believe". American power pop band The Downtown Fiction covered "Super Bass" for 2011's Punk Goes Pop 4 album, giving it more of a rock n roll sound while changing some (but not all) of the gender references.
Track listing
- Digital download[43]
- "Super Bass" – 3:19
- US CD single[44]
- "Super Bass" – 3:21
- "Moment 4 Life" – 4:39
- UK Promo CD single[45]
- "Super Bass" – 3:21
Credits and personnel
|
|
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pink Friday, Young Money, Cash Money, Universal Motown.[4]
Charts
Certifications
Region | Certification | Sales/shipments |
---|---|---|
Australia (ARIA)[74] | 6× Platinum | 420,000 |
New Zealand (RMNZ)[75] | Platinum | 15,000 |
Norway (IFPI Norway)[76] | 2× Platinum | 20,000 |
United Kingdom (BPI)[77] | Platinum | 600,000 |
United States (RIAA)[78] | 8× Platinum | 8,000,000[27] |
*sales figures based on certification alone |
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[79]
Radio and release history
Country | Date | Format | Label |
---|---|---|---|
United States[80] | April 5, 2011 | Rhythmic contemporary | |
Australia[81] | May 13, 2011 | Digital download | Cash Money |
New Zealand[82] | |||
Germany[83] | May 16, 2011 | ||
United States[84][85] | May 17, 2011 | Contemporary hit radio |
|
June 20, 2011 | Urban contemporary |
|
References
- ↑ "What Makes Nicki Minaj’s Music Fun and Smart". Spin. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ↑ Dan Rys (June 29, 2012). "Quincy Jones, Pharrell Williams, Noah '40' Shebib, EMI Win Big at ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- ↑ "Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF COMPOSERS, AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- 1 2 Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pink Friday, Young Money, Cash Money, Universal Motown.
- 1 2 3 4 Chandler, D.L (March 10, 2011). "Nicki Minaj 'Letting It All Hang Out' On 'Super Bass' Video Set Young Money diva calls latest clip 'playful' and 'sexy.'". 'MTV News'. MTV Networks (Viacom). Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ↑ Corner, Lewis (May 3, 2011). "Nicki Minaj: 'Super Bass'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- ↑ Macpherson, Alex (August 17, 2011). "Nicki Minaj's Super Bass and this year's best summer jams". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- 1 2 3 "Beyoncé vs Nicki Minaj: Music video fight club". Metro. ACP Magazines. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- 1 2 3 4 Sinclair, Jessica. "Nicki Minaj Super Bass : Super Bass Music Video". Long Island Press. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- 1 2 3 4 Wesley Case (2011-05-06). "Nicki Minaj debuts new 'Super Bass' video". Baltimoresun. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ "Unsupported Browser or Operating System". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- 1 2 Wete, Brad (2011-04-25). "Nicki Minaj goes wild for her man in 'Super Bass' video: Watch here | The Music Mix | EW.com". Music-mix.ew.com. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj Makes Her Wig Glow in 'Super Bass' Video.". The Boombox. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ "Sneak Peek: Nicki Minaj – ‘Super Bass’". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- 1 2 Sinclair, Jessica. "Nicki Minaj Super Bass : Super Bass Music Video". Long Island Press. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ Rosie Gray. "‘Super Bass’ Vs. ‘Judas’: Judging the Two Biggest Videos this Week – BlackBook". Blackbookmag.com. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ Corner, Lewis. "Nicki Minaj: 'Super Bass'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ↑ Suddath, Claire (December 7, 2011). "The Top 10 Everything of 2011 - Nicki Minaj, 'Super Bass". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ↑ Billboard Staff (January 12, 2015). "The 20 Best Songs of the 2010s (So Far)". Retrieved January 12, 2015.
- ↑ "Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ "Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ↑ "Digital Songs (May 21, 2011)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ↑ "Rap Songs (May 21, 2011)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj - Super Bass - Billboard.com". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ↑ "Canadian Hot 100 (May 21, 2011)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ↑ "American certifications – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
- 1 2 Trust, Gary (December 23, 2014). "Ask Billboard: Why Is There No R&B/Hip-Hop in the Hot 100's Top 10?". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
- ↑ "Video: On Set of Nicki Minaj’s ‘Super Bass’". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- 1 2 3 "Sneak Peek: Nicki Minaj – ‘Super Bass’". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- 1 2 3 4 "Video: Nicki Minaj – ‘Super Bass’". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ Chandler, D.L. (2011-05-06). "Nicki Minaj Drops 'Super Bass' Video, Fans React". Rapfix. MTV Networks. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ Gayles, Contessa (2011-05-06). "Nicki Minaj Glows in the Dark in 'Super Bass' Video". AOL Music. AOL Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj Glows In Her Colorful "Super Bass" Video | Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on". Idolator.com. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj Unveils Sexy 'Super Bass' Video | Nicki Minaj | News | MTV UK". Mtv.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj gets fluorescent | The Sun |Showbiz|Bizarre". The Sun. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
- ↑ Dinh, James (August 28, 2011). "Nicki Minaj Wins Best Hip-Hop Video VMA". MTV News. Viacom.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj Performs with Britney Spears at Billboard Music Awards [Video]". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. 2011-05-02. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
- ↑ Daw, Robbie (November 20, 2011). "American Music Awards 2011: Watch The Performances". Idolator. Buzz Media. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- ↑ Staff, Idolator (January 1, 2012). "Watch Nicki Minaj, LMFAO, & Justin Bieber Rock ‘New Year’s Rockin’ Eve’". Idolator. Buzz Media. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ↑ Montgomery, James (November 10, 2011). "Kanye West, Nicki Minaj Rock Victoria's Secret Show". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ↑ "CHRIS BROWN, NICKI MINAJ PERFORM AT IHEARTRADIO SUMMER POOL PARTY", Rap-Up, 31 May 2015, retrieved 31 May 2015
- ↑ "Super Bass (feat. Questlove & Owen Biddle) - Single - Karmin". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ↑ "Pink Friday (Deluxe Version)". ITunes. Apple Inc. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj - Super Bass (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj - Super Bass (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.
- ↑ "Australian-charts.com – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ↑ "Top 40 Urban Albums & Singles Chart - 11/7/2011". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ↑ "Ultratop.be – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Nicki Minaj. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ↑ "Chart Track: Week 24, 2011". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Japan Hot 100 for Nicki Minaj. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj chart history". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ↑ "Charts.org.nz – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
- ↑ "Archive Chart: 2011-08-13". Scottish Singles Top 40.
- ↑ "South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: January 15, 2012 to January 21, 2012)". Gaon Chart. December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Swiss Singles Chart.
- ↑ "Pop" (in Ukrainian). FDR Music Charts. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Archive Chart: 2011-08-13" UK R&B Chart.
- ↑ "Archive Chart: 2011-08-13" UK Singles Chart.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Hot Rap Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Nicki Minaj – Chart history" Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Nicki Minaj.
- ↑ "Best of 2011: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
- ↑ "Top Selling Singles of 2011 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 2011-12-31.
- ↑ "The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year". BBC. 2011-12-31.
- ↑ "Best of 2011: Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ↑ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
- ↑ "New Zealand single certifications – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Recorded Music NZ.
- ↑ "Norwegian single certifications – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
- ↑ "British single certifications – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Super Bass in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select single in the field By Format. Select Platinum in the field By Award. Click Search
- ↑ "American single certifications – Nicki Minaj – Super Bass". Recording Industry Association of America. December 6, 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
- ↑ "RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
- ↑ "Top 40/R Future Releases". All Access. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011.
- ↑ "Super Bass – Single". iTunes Store Australia. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011.
- ↑ "Super Bass – Single". iTunes Store New Zealand. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013.
- ↑ "Super Bass [Explicit]". Amazon.de. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015.
- ↑ "Home > Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". All Access. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
- ↑ "®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: Urban". Radio & Records. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013.
External links
|