Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535

The Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535[1]

Long title An Acte wherby all Relygeous Houses of Monkes Chanons and Nonnes whiche may not dyspend Manors Landes Tenementes & Heredycaments above the clere yerly Value of ij C Li are geven to the Kinges Highnes his Heires and Successours for ever.[2]
Citation 27 Hen 8 c 28
Status: Repealed
The ruins of Binham Priory in Norfolk, one of the houses suppressed under the Act

The Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 (27 Hen 8 c 28), also referred to as the Act for the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries[3] and as the Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries Act,[4][5] was an Act of the Parliament of England.

It was passed by the English Reformation Parliament of 1535/36. It was the beginning of the legal process by which King Henry VIII set about the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It was enacted in February 1535.

Sections 4 to 6 and 8 to 12 and 14 were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948.

Sections 17 and 18 were repealed by section 11 of 21 Jac 1 c 28.

The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969.

Background

From the 14th century onwards, several popes had granted licenses for the suppression of religious houses in England.[6] In 1528 Cardinal Wolsey sequestrated Rumburgh Priory for funds to build his college at Ipswich.[7]

The breakdown of relations between Henry VIII and the Church in Rome, prompted by his marriage to Anne Boleyn, resulted in the Statute in Restraint of Appeals of 1533, forbidding all appeals to the Pope in Rome on religious or other matters.[8] Pope Clement VII responded by announcing Henry's provisional excommunication, and the hostility between the king and the pope escalated.[9] In the words of John Burton's Monasticon Eboracense (1758) –

The casting off the Pope's Supremacy, and the Monks being looked on only as a sort of half-subjects, ever ready to join any foreign power, which should invade the nation, whilst the King [Henry VIII] was excommunicated by the Pope... together with the [former] alienation of the lesser houses, were urged for seizing the rest; to which the King's want of a large supply, and the people's willingness to save their own pockets, greatly contributed; and accordingly, a motion shortly after was made in Parliament, that, to support the King's state, and supply his wants, all the religious houses might be conferred upon the Crown, which were not able to expend clearly above 200l. per annum. This Act passed about March, A. D. 1535.[6]

One of the first practical results of the assumption of the highest spiritual powers by the king was the supervision by royal decree of the ordinary episcopal visitations, and the appointment of a layman — Thomas Cromwell — as the king's vicar-general in spirituals, with special authority to visit the monastic houses, and to bring them into line with the new order of things. A document, dated 21 January, 1535, allows Cromwell to conduct the visit through "commissaries", as the minister is said to be at that time too busy with "the affairs of the whole kingdom." The men employed by Cromwell were chiefly Richard Layton, and Leigh. The visitation seems to have been conducted systematically, and to have passed through three clearly defined stages. During the summer the houses in the West of England were subjected to examination; and this portion of the work came to an end in September, when Layton and Leigh arrived at Oxford and Cambridge respectively. In October and November the visitors changed the field of their labours to the eastern and southeastern districts; and in December we find Layton advancing through the midland counties to Lichfield, where he met Leigh, who had finished his work in the religious houses of Huntingdon and Lincolnshire. Thence they proceeded together to the north, and the city of York was reached on 11 January, 1536. But with all their haste, to which they were urged by Cromwell, they had not proceeded very far in the work of their northern inspection before the meeting of Parliament.[10]

Parliament met on 4 February 1535/36 and received a digest of the report Valor Ecclesiasticus, a visitation of the monasteries of England commissioned by the King, and soon after passed the Act.[11]

The Act applied only to lesser houses "which have not in lands, tenements, rents, tithes, portions, and other hereditaments, above the clear yearly value of two hundred pounds", attacking such houses as dens of iniquity and proposing that those in them should be "committed to great and honourable monasteries of religion" and "compelled to live religiously".[12]

Preamble

The preamble of the Act states -

“ FORASMUCH as manifest sin, vicious, carnal and abominable living is daily used and committed among the little and small abbeys, priories, and other religious houses of monks, canons, and nuns, where the congregation of such religious persons is under the number of twelve persons, whereby the governors of such religious houses, and their convent, spoil, destroy, consume, and utterly waste, as well their churches, monasteries, priories, principal houses, farms, granges, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, as the ornaments of their churches, and their goods and chattels, to the high displeasure of Almighty God, slander of good religion, and to the great infamy of the king's highness and the realm, if redress should not be had thereof. And albeit that many continual visitations hath been heretofore had, by the space of two hundred years and more, for an honest and charitable reformation of such unthrifty, carnal, and abominable living, yet nevertheless little or none amendment is hitherto had, but their vicious living shamelessly increases and augments, and by a cursed custom so rooted and infected, that a great multitude of the religious persons in such small houses do rather choose to rove abroad in apostasy, than to conform themselves to the observation of good religion; so that without such small houses be utterly suppressed, and the religious persons therein committed to great and honourable monasteries of religion in this realm, where they may be compelled to live religiously, for reformation of their lives, there can else be no redress nor reformation in that behalf.[12] ”

Effect

The main effect of the Act was to expropriate the lesser religious houses to the King, who (in the words of the Act) "shall have to him and to his heirs all and singular such monasteries, abbeys, and priories, which at any time within one year next before the making of this Act have been given and granted to his majesty by any abbot, prior, abbess, or prioress, under their convent seals, or that otherwise have been suppressed or dissolved... to have and to hold all and singular the premises, with all their rights, profits, jurisdictions, and commodities, unto the king's majesty, and his heirs and assigns for ever, to do and use therewith his and their own wills, to the pleasure of Almighty God, and to the honour and profit of this realm".[12]

This section includes a retrospective effect, regularizing suppressions of houses which had already taken place.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by section 5 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
  2. ↑ These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, which is headed "Title".
  3. ↑ William John Hardy. Documents Illustrative of English Church History. Macmillan and Co Ltd. 1914. Page 257.
  4. ↑ Hughes, Phillip. A Popular History of the Reformation. Image Books. 1960. p 185.
  5. ↑ Mclynn, Frank. The Road Not Taken: How Britain Narrowly Missed A Revolution. Random House. 2012. ISBN 1446449351. p 89.
  6. 1 2 John Burton, MD, Monasticon Eboracense (York: 1758), quoted in The Monthly Review p 275 at books.google.com
  7. ↑ St. Michael, Rumburgh
  8. ↑ Act in Restraint of Appeals, full text at freeuk.net Archived December 27, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Scarisbrick, J. J., Henry VIII (1972), pp. 414–18
  10. ↑ Gasquet, Francis Aidan Cardinal. "Suppression of English Monasteries under Henry VIII." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 24 January 2015
  11. ↑ An act for the Dissolution of the lesser Monasteries at tudorplace.com.ar
  12. 1 2 3 Act for the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries, full text at freeuk.net

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, January 29, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.