Sushruta

Suśruta

A statue dedicated to Suśruta at Haridwar
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Known for author of Sushruta Samhita

Suśruta (Sanskrit: सुश्रुत, lit. "well heard" [1]) was an ancient Indian physician, known as the main author of the treatise The Compendium of Suśruta (Sanskrit: Suśruta-saṃhitā) (ca. 600 BCE).[2] The Mahabharata, an ancient Indian epic text, represents him as a son of Rishi Vishvamitra, which coincides with the present recension of Sushruta Samhita.[3] Kunjalal Bhisagratna opined that it is safe to assume that Sushruta was of the race of Vishvamitra.[4]

The Suśruta-saṃhitā is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of Ayurveda. The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Suśruta "the father of surgery" on account of the extraordinarily accurate and detailed accounts of surgery to be found in the work.[5] He has also been called "the first plastic surgeon".[2]

The Compendium of Suśruta locates its author in Varanasi, and recounts that Suśruta learned medicine and surgery from the king of that city, Divodāsa, who was an incarnation of the god of medicine Dhanvantari.[6]

Date

The early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the Suśruta-saṃhitā could be found in the Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa, that he dated to the sixth century BCE,[7] and this dating is still often repeated. However, during the last century, scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially, and firm evidence has accumulated that the Suśruta-saṃhitā is a work of several historical layers. Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE and it was completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra." It is likely that the Suśruta-saṃhitā was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala (fl. 300-500 CE), which gives the latest date for the version of the work that has come down to us today.[8] It has also become clear through historical research that there are several ancient authors called "Suśruta" and that they should not be conflated.[8]

Citations

The Mahābhārata lists Suśruta amongst the sons of Viśvāmitra, the legendary sage and progenitor of all Brāhmaṇas.[9] The same connection with Viśvāmitra is also made in the Suśruta-saṃhitā itself.[10] The name Suśruta appears in later literature in the Bower Manuscript (sixth century CE),[11] where Suśruta is listed as one of the ten sages residing in the Himalayas.[11]

Suśruta-saṃhitā

Main article: Sushruta Samhita

The Suśruta-saṃhitā, in its extant form, in 184 chapters contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. The text discusses surgical techniques of making incisions, probing, extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization, tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess, draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesicolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, viz., traction, manipulation, apposition and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetic. It enumerates six types of dislocations, twelve varieties of fractures, and classification of the bones and their reaction to the injuries, and gives a classification of eye diseases including cataract surgery.

References

  1. ↑ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1237.
  2. 1 2
  3. ↑ Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text. Calcutta. pp. ii(introduction).
  4. ↑ Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text. Calcutta. pp. ii (introduction).
  5. ↑ Singhal, G. D. (1972). Diagnostic considerations in ancient Indian surgery: (based on Nidāna-Sthāna of Suśruta Saṁhitā). Varanasi: Singhal Publications. line feed character in |title= at position 45 (help)
  6. ↑ Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text. Calcutta. p. 1.
  7. ↑ Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 8.
  8. 1 2 Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (2002). A History of Indian Medical Literature IA. Groningen: Brill. pp. 333–357. ISBN 9789069801247.
  9. ↑ कृष्णाचार्य, टी. आर्. (1910). "Sriman Mahabharatam. A New Edition Mainly Based on the South Indian Texts, with Footnotes and Readings". SARIT. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  10. ↑ "Suśrutasaṃhitā. By Suśruta. A SARIT edition". SARIT. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  11. 1 2 Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda. London etc.: Penguin. pp. 149–160. ISBN 0140448241.
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