Sustainable urbanism

Sustainable urbanism is:

  1. In common speech, the use of the adjective "sustainable" in conjunction with the noun "urbanism", meaning urbanism that is sustainable.
  1. A defined term advanced in the book Sustainable Urbanism by Doug Farr.

Sustainable Urbanism, as a defined term, is application of sustainability and resilient principles to the design, planning, and administration/operation of cities.[1] There are a range of organizations promoting and researching sustainable urbanism practices including governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, professional associations, and professional enterprises around the world. Related to sustainable urbanism is the Ecocity movement (also known as Ecological Urbanism) which specifically is looking to make cities based on ecological principles, and the Resilient Cities movement addresses depleting resources by creating distributed local resources to replace global supply chain in case of major disruption. Green urbanism is another common term for sustainable urbanism. Sustainable development is a general term for both making both urban and economic growth more sustainable, but isn't specifically a mode of urbanism.

Sustainable urbanism aims to close the loop by eliminating environmental impact of urban development by providing all resources locally. It looks at the full life cycle of the products to make sure that everything is made sustainably, and sustainable urbanism also brings things like electricity and food production into the city. This means that literally everything that the town or city needs is right there making it truly self-sufficient and sustainable.

Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature , by Doug Farr (2007)

The architect and urban planner Doug Farr discusses making cities walkable, along with combining elements of ecological urbanism, sustainable urban infrastructure, and new urbanism, and goes beyond them to close the loop on resource use and bring everything into the city or town. It is about increasing the quality of life by bringing more resources within a short distance and also increasing the quality of products that are offered.

Comparison of similar principles

New Urbanism inspired Farr's definition of Sustainable Urbanism is based around bringing everything closer together, using higher quality goods, being more efficient, and having everything within walking distance, but Sustainable urbanism closes the loop.[2][3] The criticism of New Urbanism is that it attempts to apply 19th century urban form to 21st century cities and that New Urbanism excludes economic diversity by creating expensive places to live that are highly privatized and controlled.

Smart growth approach as conceived by planners helps achieve greater jobs–housing balance, but it is likely to leave sense of place unaddressed. While New Urbanism may fulfill that dimension, it is not viewed as an approach that will lead to communities that are energy self-reliant. The ecological city approach seems to complementary to the other two approaches in terms of their respective areas of strengths and weakness.[4]

Green urbanism probably contains the most similar ideas with sustainable urbanism. They both emphasize on urban design with nature, as well as shaping better communities and lifestyles. However, the principles of green urbanism are based on the triple-zero framework: zero fossil-fuel energy use, zero waste, and zero emissions. Sustainable Urbanism, on the other hand, is more focused on designing communities that are walkable and transit-served so that people will prefer to meet their daily needs on foot.

Defining elements of Sustainable Urbanism

Compactness

Compactness, or density, plays an important role in sustainable urban development because it supports reductions in per-capita resource use and benefits public transit developments. The density of new development across the U.S. averages roughly two dwelling unit per acre, which is too low to support efficient transit and walk-to destinations. Such low-density development is a characteristic of urban sprawl, which is the major cause of high dependence on private automobiles, inefficient infrastructure, increased obesity, loss of farmlands and natural habitats,pollution, and so on.[5] For these reasons, sustainable urbanism requires minimum development densities roughly four times higher than two dwelling units per acre.

Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world. Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate non-point source pollutant loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing impervious surface area relative to compact development.[6] While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

Increasing neighborhood population density also supports improved public transit service. Concentrating development density in and around transit stops and corridors maximizes people's willingness to walk and thus reduces car ownership and use. Sustainable urbanism seeks to integrate infrastructure design increase with density, because a concentrated mixed-use development required less per capita infrastructure usage compared to detached single-family housing.[7]

Biophilia

The concept of Biophilia hypothesis was introduced by E. O. Wilson. It refers to the connection between humans and other living systems. Within this concept, humans are biologically predisposed to caring for nature. In Douglass Farr’s book, Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature, he links open spaces such as parks and recreational areas, sustainable food production and agricultural land use practices with humans’ concern and relationship with natural systems. Therefore, biophilia is a crucial underlying component of sustainable urbanism.[8][9]

Sustainable corridors

Sustainable corridors are similar to a wildlife corridor in that they connect one area to another efficiently, cheaply, and safely. They allow people to pass from their immediate proximity to another without relying on cars or other wasteful and inefficient products. It also relys on accessibility to all people in the community so that the mode of transportation is the most convenient and easiest to use for everyone. Sustainable Corridors also include biodiversity corridors to allow animals to move around communities so that they may still live in and around cities.[10]

High performance buildings

High performance buildings are designed and constructed to maximize operational energy savings and minimize environmental impacts of the construction and operation of the buildings. Building construction and operation generates a great deal of ‘externalized costs’ such as material waste, energy inefficiencies and pollution. High performance buildings aim to minimize these and make the process much more efficient and less harmful. New York City Department of Design & Construction put out a set of guidelines in April 1999 on High performance buildings that have broad application to sustainable urbanism as a whole worldwide.[11]

The amount of energy use of a building is determined by two types of heating/cooling loads or in other words the amount of heating or cooling needed to keep the interior at a reasonable temperature. Internal loads: the lighting, people, equipment, and ventilation system used inside the building, and external loads: the construction of the walls, roofs, and windows and how that influences energy flow.[12]

By incorporating environmentally sound materials and systems, improving indoor air quality and using natural or high efficiency lighting, it minimizes a building impact on its natural surroundings; additionally, those who work or live in these buildings directly benefit from these differences. Some building owners have even reported increased worker productivity as a result of the improved conditions. However, because these other benefits are more difficult to quantify than direct energy savings, the real value of high performance buildings can easily be underestimated by traditional accounting methods that do not recognize ‘external’ municipal and regional costs and benefits. The cost evaluations of high performance building should account for the economic, social, and environmental benefits that accompany green buildings.[13]

High performance building features and benefits

[14] The following design, construction, and operation activities can result in value-added public buildings. Direct, indirect, and ‘external’ benefits can also be identified.

Reduce energy use and demand through passive solar techniques and integrated building design. This process looks at optimum orientation and maximizes the thermal efficiency of the building envelope (windows, walls, roof) while also considering the interaction of the HVAC, lighting, and control systems. Integrated design uses daylight to reduce electrical demand, and incorporates energy efficient lighting, motors, and equipment. Where feasible, renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic cells, solar hot water, and geothermal exchange are used in tandem with other low emission technologies, such as fuel cells. This results in direct energy cost savings (fuel and electricity) yield a good rate of return based on the initial investment. Other external benefits include improved air quality from reduced fuel consumption (limiting nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, and other gases that contribute to air pollution). Additionally, reducing the overall aggregate electrical load significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

Improve indoor air quality by eliminating unhealthy emissions – such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – from building materials, products, and furnishings, and through outside filtering and distribution techniques that control pollutants. Maximize the use of controlled daylighting, which can then be augmented by high quality artificial lighting. Provide good acoustic control. Results in high performance facilities can help address a wide range of human resource concerns by improving the total quality of the interior environment. In addition, attention to building wellness today helps avoid future costs of corrections. Such ‘well building’ design emphasis can improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, in turn reducing employee absenteeism and turnover.

Renewable resources, and are themselves recyclable, and that have been manufactured in a manner less damaging to the environment. Implement construction and demolition (C&D) waste prevention/management strategies and selective site sorting of materials for salvage, recycling, or disposal. These actions will prevent unnecessary depletion of natural resources and will reduce air, water, and soil pollution. They will also strengthen the market for recycled materials, and the manufacture of products with post-consumer content. Long-term, better C&D waste management can reduce waste disposal costs, ease stress on landfills, and minimize the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities outside the City.

Design in ways that promote good building operations practices: water conservation measures, create space for everyday waste recycling, and improve housekeeping practices through use of benign cleaning products and more efficient cleaning and maintenance protocols. Water conservation measures will help maintain a city’s water quality and avoid potential future costs by reducing overall loads on water filtration and treatment systems.

Barriers to high performance building

General lack of knowledge in the industry on high performance building as well as rapid payback mandated for investments in sustainable technologies. Slower returns need to be made acceptable so that more investments can be made. Often it difficult to get funding for such projects that are not obvious to the onlooker as well as not offering many financial incentives. Also, there are many regulatory disincentives.[15]

High performance infrastructure

High-performance infrastructure refers to core best management practices (BMPs) applicable to the typical section of the public right-of-way, encompassing street sidewalk, underground utilities, stormwater infrastructure, landscapes, and streetscape elements. In addition to many public health and environmental benefits, financial benefits include decreased first costs, decreased operation and maintenance costs, decreased energy costs and increased real estate values.[16]

At the single-component level, standard details may be improved to optimize performance, minimize environmental impact, use materials more efficiently or extended lifecycle. Examples include using reclaimed supplementary cement materials to increase pavement strength or designing water-efficient landscapes to reduce irrigation needs and water consumption.

Improving single components does not consider the whole system in place, so multifunctional optimization guidelines seek to minimize conflicts among parts and promote synergies. This could lead to long-term savings, improved performance and lifecycle, and increased returns on municipal investments. One example is using permeable pavement to reduce stormwater runoff and peak demand on stormwater management infrastructure while providing an adequate driving surface for vehicles.

Systems-oriented design focuses on improving the performance of the entire roadway system. It requires cross-disciplinary teamwork at the planning, scoping, design and construction phases. It promotes comprehensive performance improvements, compounds environmental benefits and potentially offers substantial cost savings. An example of integrated design would be designing a roadway with a diversely planted center median that functions as both a traffic-calming device and a stormwater bioretention area to improve pedestrian safety, minimize stormwater runoff, dampen street noise and improve air quality.

Examples of sustainable urbanism

Newington, Sydney, Australia

A suburb in western Sydney, Australia, Newington, was the home to the athletes of the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2000 Summer Paralympics. It was built on a brownfield site, and it was developed by Mirvac Lend Lease Village Consortium from 1997. Redevelopment of the village was completed in 1999, but further development is still occurring. After the Games, Newington stimulated the Australian market for green products, and it became a solar village housing approximately 5,000 people. Unfortunately, the development failed to build neighborhood centers with walk-to services, which perpetuates automobile dependence. Furthermore, Newington does not provide any affordable housing.

Key Sustainable Urbanism Thresholds:

Dongtan, Shanghai, China

Dongtan is a development in Eastern Chongming Island, which is roughly a one-hour trip from downtown Shanghai. It was once planned as “the world’s first eco-city,” attempting to become an energy self-sufficient, carbon-neutral, and mostly car-free eco-city housing 500,000 residents. The first phase of the development is supposed to complete by 2010, and entire development by 2050, but the Dongtan project has been delayed indefinitely due to financial issues, among other things.[18]

Illustration of the proposed eco-city Dongtan.

Key sustainable urbanism thresholds:

Upton, Northampton, England

Upton is part of the southwest district of Northampton, England, lying between the existing town edge and the motorway. Originally farming land, Upton was developed by English Partnerships, the national regeneration agency for England, with high standards of building and design codes. The planning outline started in 1997, and the sites were planned to be completed by 2011.[19]

Key sustainable urbanism thresholds:

Sustainable urbanism organizations

Transition Town movement works to promote citizen based resilience to transition to a low carbon future.

Eco-City Builders holds a bi-annual conference on sustainable urbanism and promotes high performance planning and urban design practices.

The IGLUS Project at EPFL is a global action research network which is aimed at improving performance of cities in the areas of efficiency, resilience and sustainability by promoting more innovative governance approaches in urban infrastructure systems.

The Eco Cities Project at the University of Manchester (UK) is a research organization developing and validating sustainable urbanism practices.

Sustainable Cities is a Vancouver, British Columbia based organization.

The Institute for Sustainable Cities (New York City) works with the City of New York and residents to promote sustainable urbanism practices and policies.

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) supports policy, good governance, and local governmental practices to improve sustainability and resilience. They are working on four specific sustainable urbanism initiatives: (a) Resilient Communities and Cities, (b) Just and Peaceful Communities, (c) Viable Local Economies, and (d) Eco-efficient Cities.

The United Nations Habitat promotes sustainable urbanism practices around the globe to localize Agenda 21 with the UNEP. The Sustainable Cities Programme was established in 1990 as a joint UN-HABITAT/UNEP agency.

The Stockholm Resilience Center promotes practices to allow cities and places to adapt to climate change and resource depletion through sustainability practices

Resilient City is an association of designers working to implement sustainable urbanism practices.

LEED-ND

SmartCode

SmartCode is A Form-based code that incorporates Smart Growth and New Urbanism principles.

Criticisms of Sustainable Urbanism

Not much has been said criticizing Sustainable Urbanism, but there are critiques of New Urbanism. Critics say New Urbanism is too nostalgic and the designs seem artificial. Critics also charge that New Urbanism has largely failed to attain its goals of diversity, as the idea attracts mostly white, affluent residents.[23]

There are professionals who are concerned that the use "Sustainable urbanism" as a label risks debasing the term "sustainable", with developments being labeled as examples of "Sustainable Urbanism", which, while substantially better than much modern development, are not truly sustainable according to the Brundtland definition of sustainability.

Also, critics believe that, while the New Urbanism contains many attractive ideas, it may have difficulty dealing with a wide range of contemporary issues including scale, transportation, planning and codes, regionalism, and marketing.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sharifi, Ayyoob (January 2016). "From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development". Sustainable Cities and Society 20: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.09.002.
  2. ↑ "What Is New Urbanism?". Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  3. ↑ "New Urbanism". Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  4. ↑ Jepson Jr, Edward J.; Mary M. Edwards (August 2010). "How Possible is Sustainable Urban Development? An Analysis of Planners' Perceptions about New Urbanism, Smart Growth and the Ecological City". Planning Practice and Research 25 (4): 417–437.
  5. ↑ Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). "Urban Sprawl and Public Health". Association of Schools of Public Health 117: 201–217.
  6. ↑ Richards, Lynn; Geoffrey Anderson; Mary Kay Santore (2003). "Protecting Water Resources With Higher Density Developments" (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency: 340–368. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  7. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  8. ↑ "Edward O. Wilson's Biophilia Hypothesis". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  9. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature. Wiley.
  10. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism. Hoboken, New Jersey: Jon Wiley & Sons.
  11. ↑ "High Performance Building Guidelines" (PDF). City of New York Department of Design and Construction. Retrieved November 2011.
  12. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature. Wiley.
  13. ↑ "High Performance Building Guidelines" (PDF). City of New York Department of Design and Construction. Retrieved November 2011.
  14. ↑ "High Performance Building Guidelines" (PDF). City of New York Department of Design and Construction. Retrieved November 2011.
  15. ↑ "High Performance Building Guidelines" (PDF). City of New York Department of Design and Construction. Retrieved November 2011.
  16. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature. Wiley.
  17. ↑ Farr, Douglas (2008). Sustainable Urbanism. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-471-77751-9.
  18. ↑ Brenhouse, Hilary (June 24, 2010). "Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Energy Saving Trust. "Creating a sustainable urban extension – a case study of Upton, Northampton" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  20. ↑ "Congress for the New Urbanism". LEED-ND.
  21. ↑ Sharifi, Ayyoob; Murayama, Akito (February 2014). "Neighborhood sustainability assessment in action: Cross-evaluation of three assessment systems and their cases from the US, the UK, and Japan". Building and Environment 72: 243–258. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.006.
  22. ↑ Sharifi, Ayyoob; Murayama, Akito (January 2013). "A critical review of seven selected neighborhood sustainability assessment tools". Environmental Impact Assessment Review 38: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2012.06.006.
  23. ↑ "Online NewsHour -- New Urban: Criticism". Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  24. ↑ William Fulton, "The New Urbanism Challenges Conventional Planning", Lincoln Institute, Land Lines, September 1996, Volume 8, Number 5. Accessed: 29 July 2012
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