Slavic vocabulary
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Look up Appendix:Swadesh lists for Slavic languages in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
The following list is a comparison of basic Proto-Slavic vocabulary and the corresponding reflexes in the modern languages, for assistance in understanding the discussion in Proto-Slavic and History of the Slavic languages. The word list is based on the Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison, containing a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. However, the words given as the modern versions are not necessarily the normal words with the given meaning in the various modern languages, but the words directly descended from the corresponding Proto-Slavic word (the reflex). The list here is given both in the orthography of each language, with accent marks added as necessary to aid in pronunciation and Proto-Slavic reconstruction. See below for a capsule summary of how to pronounce each language, as well as some discussion of the conventions used.
Table
Translation | Late Proto-Slavic | class | Russian | Bulgarian | Czech | Polish | Serbo-Croatian | Slovenian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | standard (Shtokavian) | Chakavian | ||||||
I |
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prn. | Ñ | ja | аз | az | já | ja | jâ | jå̃ | jà z |
thou |
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prn. | ты | ty | ти | ti | ty | ty | tî | tĩ | tî |
he |
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prn. | он, она, оно | on, oná, onó | ((той)) | ((toj)) | on, ona, ono | Èn/ôn, òna, òno | õn, onÈ, onÈ | òn, óna, oná»™/óná» | |
we |
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prn. | мы | my | mi (dial.) | my | my | mî | mĩ | mî | |
ye |
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prn. | вы | vy | (виÌе) | (vÃe) | vy | wy | vî | vÄ© | vî |
they |
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prn. | Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ì | on'à | те | te | oni, ony, ona | oni, one | oni | ||
this, that |
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prn. | то | tot, ta, to | (товаÌ) | (tová) | ten, ta, to | tâj, tâ, tô | tÈ, tâ, tô/tÈ | tâ, tâ, tá»™ | |
there |
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там | tam | там | tam | tam | tam | tam | |||
who |
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prn. | кто | kto | ((кой)) | ((koi)) | kdo | kto | tkÈ; ki | kdá»Ì | |
what |
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prn. | что | Äto /Å¡to/ | Å¡to | co | co | Å¡tÈ | (Vrg.) Äa (<*ÄÑŒ) | kaj | |
where |
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prn. | где | gd'e | къде | kÉ™de | kde | gdzie | gdjÈ… | kadÈ… (Orb.) | kjáº¹Ì |
when |
|
adv./conj. | ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°Ì | kogdá | ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð°Ì | kogá | (kdy); OCz. kehdy | kiedy | kà da | kÇdá(j); kdá(j); kadá; kadaj | |
how; what (kind of) | какъ | adv.; prn. | как | kak; kakój | как | kak | (jak) (OCz. kaký) | (jak) (arch. kaki) | kà ko, kakav | káko, kakšen | |
not |
|
adv. | не | n'e | не | ne | ne | nie | ne | nè | |
all |
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prn. | веÑÑŒ, вÑÑ, вÑÑ‘ | v'es', vs'a, vs'o | (вÑиÌчки) | (vsÃÄki) | (vÅ¡ichni); OCz. veÅ¡, vÅ¡Ä›, vÅ¡e | (wszyscy); OPl. wszy, wsza, wsze | sÈv, svÈ, svÈ… | svÈs, svÈ, svÈ… | vÇÌ€s, vsà , vsè |
many |
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adj. o | мноÌгий | mnógij | мноÌго | mnógo (adv.) | mnohý | mnogi | mnÈgÄ« | mnÇ«Ì‚gi | |
some |
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неÌÑколько | n'éskol'ko | нÑÌколко | njákolko | nÄ›kolik | kilka | nekoliko | |||
few |
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маÌло | málo | маÌлко | málko | málo | maÅ‚o | malo | |||
other |
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adj. o (c) | другоÌй | drugój | друг | drug | druhý | drugi | drûg | drÈ•gÄ« | drûg |
other |
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prn. (a) | иноÌй | inój | --- | --- | jiný | inny | ȉn | ||
one |
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num. o | одиÌн, Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ì | od'Ãn, odná | едиÌн | edÃn | jeden | jeden | jèdan, jÈ…dna | jedå̃n, jednÈ, jednÈ | eden, ena, eno |
two |
|
num. | два | dva, dve, dva | двa | dva | dva, dvě, dvě | dwa, dwie, dwa | dvâ, dvȉje, dvâ | dvå̂, dvî, dvå̂ | dvâ |
three |
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num. | три | tr'i | три | tri | tři | trzy | trî | trî | triję̂, trî, trî |
four |
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num. (a) | четыÌре | Ä'etýr'e | чеÌтиÌри | ÄétÃri | ÄtyÅ™i | cztery | Äètiri | Äetȉri | Å¡tirje, Å¡tiri, Å¡tiri |
five | pę̂tÑŒ | num. i (c) | пÑÑ‚ÑŒ | p'at' | пет | pet | pÄ›t | pięć | pêt | pêt | pę̂t |
big, great |
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adj. o | велиÌкий | v'el'Ãk'ij | велиÌк | velÃk | velký | wielki | vÈ…likÄ«, vÈ…likÄ, vÈ…likÅ | vÈ…lik, velikÈ, velikÈ | vélik, velÃka |
long |
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adj. o (a) | доÌлгий | dólg'ij | дъÌлъг | dÇÌlÇg | dlouhý | dÅ‚ugi | dÈ•g | dÈ•g | dôļg, dółga |
wide |
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широÌкий | Å¡irók'ij | широÌк | Å¡irók | Å¡iroký | szeroki | Å¡irok | |||
thick |
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тоÌлÑтый | tólstyj | тлъÑÑ‚ | tlÇst | tlustý | tÅ‚usty | debel, tolst | |||
heavy |
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adj. o | Ñ‚ÑÌжкий | t'ážkij | теÌжък | téžÇk | těžký | ciężki | téžak, téška | tȅžak, tÄ“Å¡kÈ | téžÇk, téžka; težâk |
small |
|
adj. o (a) | маÌлый | mályj | (маÌлък); мал | (málÇk); mal | malý | maÅ‚y | mÈo | må̃lÄ« | mâli, majhen |
short |
|
adj. o (b) | короÌткий | korótk'ij | краÌтък | krátÇk | krátký | krótki | krátak, krátka | krå̂tak, krå̄tkÈ, krå̂tko; krãtak, krãtka, krãtko |
krátÇk |
narrow |
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adj. o | уÌзкий | úzk'ij; úzok, uzká, úzko | ((теÌÑен)) | ((tésen)) | úzký | wÄ…ski | È•zak, È•ska/uskÈ | È•sak, uskÈ, È•sko | Ç«ÌzÇk, Ç«Ìzka |
thin |
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adj. o (c) | тоÌнкий | tónk'ij; tónok, tanká, tónko | Ñ‚ÑŠÌнък | tÇÌnÇk | tenký | cienki | tÈnak, tà nka/tánka | tÈnak, tankÈ, tânko | tÇnÇÌk, tÇnkà |
husband |
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m. jo (c) | муж | muž | мъж | mÇž | muž | mąż | mûž (mûža) | mǫ̂ž (možâ) | |
woman/wife |
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f. Ä (b) | Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð°Ì | ž'ená /žená/ | Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð°Ì | žená | žena | żona | žèna (acc. žènu) | ženÈ (acc. ženÈ•) | žéna |
man (human) |
|
m. o | человеÌк | Ä'elov'ék | човеÌк | Äelovék; Äovék | ÄlovÄ›k | czÅ‚owiek | Äòvjek (Äòvjeka); ÄÈvjek (Äovjèka) | Äovȉk (Äokȉka) | Älóvẹk (ÄlovẹÌka) |
child |
|
дитÑÌ | d'it'á | Ð´ÐµÑ‚ÐµÌ | deté | dÃtÄ› | dziecko, dzieciÄ™ | dijete | otrok, dete | ||
mother | *mati | мать | mat' | маÌйка | májka | matka | matka | majka, mater | mati | ||
father | *otÑŒcÑŒ | отеÌц | ot'éc | бащаÌ, таÌтко | baÅ¡tá, tátko | otec | ojciec | otac | oÄe | ||
wild animal |
|
m. i (c) | зверь | zv'er' | zvjar | zvěř | zwierz, zwierzę | zvȉjer f. (i) | zvîr (zvîri) f. (i) | zvę̂r (zverî) | |
fish | *ryba | рыÌба | rýba | риÌба | rÃba | ryba | ryba | riba | riba | ||
bird |
|
птиÌца | pt'Ãca | птиÌца | ptÃca | pták | ptak | ptica | ptica | ||
dog |
|
ÑобаÌка, Ð¿Ñ‘Ñ | sobáka, p'os | пеÑ, куÌче | pes, kúÄe | pes | pies | pas | pes | ||
louse |
|
f. i (c) | вошь | voÅ¡' /voÅ¡/ (vÅ¡'i) | въÌшка | vÇÌÅ¡ka | veÅ¡ | wesz | vâš (vÈÅ¡i); ûš (È•Å¡i) | ùš (ušî); ûš | |
snake |
|
f. iÄ | змеÑÌ | zm'ejá | змиÑÌ | zmijá | zmije[1] | żmija[2] | zmìja | zmijÈ | kaÄa |
worm |
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червь | Ä'erv' | чеÌрвей | Äérvej | Äerv | czerw, robak | crv | Ärv | ||
tree |
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деÌрево | d'ér'evo | Ð´ÑŠÑ€Ð²Ð¾Ì | dÇrvó | strom | drzewo | drvo | drevo | ||
forest |
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Ð»ÐµÑ | l'es | Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ì | gorá | les | las | Å¡uma, dubrava | gozd, les, Å¡uma, hosta | ||
stick |
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паÌлка | pálka | пръÌчка | prÇÌÄka | hůl | laska / paÅ‚ka / kij | Å¡tap, palica | palica | ||
fruit |
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плод | plod | плод | plod | ovoce (plod) | owoc (płód) | voće | sadež, plod | ||
seed |
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ÑеÌÐ¼Ñ | s'ém'a | ÑеÌме | séme | semeno | nasiono/nasienie, ziarno, siemiÄ™ | sjeme | seme | ||
leaf |
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лиÑÑ‚ | l'ist | лиÑÑ‚Ð¾Ì | listó | list | liść | list | list | ||
root |
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коÌрень | kór'en' | коÌрен | kóren | koÅ™en | korzeÅ„ | korijen | koren, korenina | ||
bark (of a tree) |
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ÐºÐ¾Ñ€Ð°Ì | korá | ÐºÐ¾Ñ€Ð°Ì | korá | kůra | kora | kora | skorja | ||
flower |
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цветоÌк | cv'etók | цвеÌте | cvéte | kvÄ›t | kwiat | cvijet | cvet, cvetlica | ||
grass |
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Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð°Ì | travá | Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ²Ð°Ì | trevá | tráva | trawa | trava | trava | ||
rope |
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верёвка | v'er'óvka | Ð²ÑŠÐ¶ÐµÌ | vÇžé | provaz | sznur, lina, powróz | konop, Å¡paga, uže | vrv, konop | ||
skin |
|
коÌжа | kóža | коÌжа | kóža | kůže | kożuch[3] | koža | koža | ||
meat |
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мÑÌÑо | m'áso | меÌÑо | méso | maso | miÄ™so | meso | meso | ||
blood | *kry | кровь | krov' | кръв | krÇv | krev | krew | krv | kri | ||
bone |
|
коÑÑ‚ÑŒ | kost' | коÑÑ‚, коÌкал | kost, kókal | kost | kość | kost | kost | ||
fat (noun) |
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ÑаÌло | sálo | ÑланиÌна | slanÃna | tuk | tÅ‚uszcz, sadÅ‚o | masnoÄa, masti, salo | mast, tolÅ¡Äa, maÅ¡Äoba, salo | ||
egg |
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n. jo (c); n. jo | ÑÐ¹Ñ†Ð¾Ì | jajcó | ÑÐ¹Ñ†ÐµÌ | jajcé | vejce | jajo; jajko | jáje; jájce | jå̂je | jájce |
horn | *rôgÑŠ m. o (c) | рог | rog | рог | rog | roh | róg (rogu) | rôg (rÈga) | rá»™g (rá»™ga/rogâ) | ||
feather |
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n. o (b) | Ð¿ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ì | p'eró | Ð¿ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ì | peró | péro | pióro | pèro | perÈ | pérá» (pérạ); perá»™ (perę̂sa) |
hair | *vôlsÑŠ | m. o (c) | воÌÐ»Ð¾Ñ | vólos (vólosa) | --- | --- | vlas | wÅ‚os | vlâs (vlâsa) | vlå̂s (vlå̂sa) | lâs (lâsa/lasû) |
hair, braided hair | *kosà | f. Ä (c) | kosá (kósu)[4] | коÑÐ°Ì | kosá | OCz. kosa | OPl. kosa[5] | kòsa (acc. kÈsu) | (Novi) kosÈ (acc. kosÈ•/kÈsu) | lasje | |
head | *golvà | f. Ä (c) | Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ì | golová (acc. gólovu) | Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð°Ì | glavá | hlava | gÅ‚owa | gláva (acc. glâvu) | glå̄vÈ (acc. glå̂vu) | gláva |
ear |
|
n. o (c) | уÌхо | úxo, pl. úš'i /úšy/ | ÑƒÑ…Ð¾Ì | uxó, pl. uÅ¡Ã | ucho | ucho | È•ho/È•vo, pl. f. È•Å¡i | È•ho (È•ha), pl. m. È•Å¡i | uhá»™ (uÅ¡Ä™Ìsa) |
eye | *Èko | n. o (c) | глаз, оÌко | óko (poet.) | Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ì | okó | oko | oko | Èko | oká»™ (oÄę̂sa) | |
nose |
|
m. o (c) | Ð½Ð¾Ñ | nos | Ð½Ð¾Ñ | nos | nos | nos | nôs (nÈsa) | ná»™s (ná»™sa/ná»sâ/ná»sû) | |
mouth |
|
pl. n. o (b) | уÑÑ‚Ð°Ì | ustá (poet.) | уÑÑ‚Ð°Ì | ustá | ústa | usta | ústa | Å©stå̄; Å©sta | ústa |
tooth |
|
m. o (c) | зуб | zub | зъб | zÇb | zub | zÄ…b | zûb (zûba) | zÇ«Ì‚b (zÇ«Ì‚ba, zobû) | |
tongue/language |
|
m. o (a) | ÑзыÌк | jazýk | езиÌк | ezÃk | jazyk | jÄ™zyk | jèzik | jazȉk | jézik (jezÃka) |
nail (of finger/toe), claw |
|
m. i/io (c) | ноÌготь | nógot' (nógt'a) | ноÌкът | nókÇt | nehet | paznokieć (OPl. paznogiedź), pazur | nÈkat (nÈkta); nogat (nokta) | nÈhat (nÈhta) | ná»™hÇt (ná»™hta); nÇ«Ì‚hÇt/nÇ«Ì‚gÇt (nÇ«Ì‚hta); nohÇÌ€t (nohtà ) |
foot, leg |
|
f. Ä (c) | Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ì | nogá (nógu) | nogá | noha | noga | nòga (nÈgu) | nogÈ (nÈgu) | nóga | |
knee |
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n. o (a) | колеÌно | kol'éno | колÑÌно | kol'áno | koleno | kolano | kòljeno | kolȉno | kolẹÌná» |
hand | *rÇkà | f. Ä (c) | Ñ€ÑƒÐºÐ°Ì | ruká | Ñ€ÑŠÐºÐ°Ì | rÇká | ruka | rÄ™ka | rúka (rûku) | rÅ«kÈ (rûku) | róka |
wing |
|
n. o (b) | ÐºÑ€Ñ‹Ð»Ð¾Ì | kryló | ÐºÑ€Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ì | kriló | kÅ™Ãdlo | skrzydÅ‚o | krÃlo | (Orb.) krÄ«lÈ | krÃlá» |
belly |
|
m./n. o (c) | брюÌхо | br'úxo | --- | --- | bÅ™icho | brzuch | trbuh | --- | trebuh |
guts |
|
внуÌтренноÑти, ÐºÐ¸ÑˆÐºÐ¸Ì | vnútr'ennost'i, k'iÅ¡k'à | въÌтрешноÑти, Ñ‡ÐµÑ€Ð²Ð°Ì | vÇÌtreÅ¡nosti, Äervá | vnitÅ™nosti, stÅ™eva | wnÄ™trznoÅ›ci (Å›cierwo[6]) | crijevo | Ärevo, drobovje | ||
neck |
|
шеÌÑ | Å¡'éja /šéja/ | шиÌÑ | Å¡Ãja | krk | szyja, kark | vrat | vrat | ||
shoulder |
|
n. jo (b) | плечó | pleÄó | pléšti/pleÅ¡tà pl. | plec | plecy pl.[7] | pléće, rame | (Novi) plećȅ | pléÄe, rame | |
breast |
|
f. i (c) | грудь | grud' | гръд | grÇd | prsa, hruÄ | pierÅ›; OPl. grÄ™dzi (pl.) | grûd, prsa | prsi, grod | |
heart |
|
n. jo (c) | ÑеÌрдце | s'érdc'e /s'érce/ | ÑÑŠÑ€Ñ†ÐµÌ | sÇrcé | srdce | serce (OPl. serdce) | sÈ‘ce (sÈ‘ca) | srcę̂ | |
liver |
|
n. o (b) | játro/jatró[8] | jatró | játra (pl.) | (wÄ…troba) | jÈ…tra (pl.) | (Orb.) jiẽtra (pl.) | jÄ™Ìtra (pl.) | ||
to drink |
|
v. | пить | p'it' | пиÌÑ | pÃja | pÃti | pić | pȉti (pȉjÄ“m) | pȉti (pÄ«jÈ…Å¡) | pÃti (pÃjem) |
to eat |
|
v. | еÑÑ‚ÑŒ | jest' | Ñм | jam | jÃsti | jeść | jÈ…sti (jÈ…dem) | ȉsti/Ä©sti (3sg. idẽ) | jẹÌsti (jẹÌm) |
to gnaw |
|
v. (c) | грызть | gryzt' | --- | --- | hryzat | gryźć | grȉsti (grÃzÄ“m) | grȉsti (2sg. grÄ«zÈ…Å¡) | grÃsti (grÃzem) |
to suck |
|
v. | ÑоÑаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | sosát' (sosú, sos'ót) | (ÑуÌча) | (súÄa) | sát (saji) | ssać (ssÄ™) | sisati | sÇsáti (sÇsâm) | |
to spit |
|
v. (a) | плеваÌÑ‚ÑŒ | pl'evát' (pljujú, plujót) | плюÌÑ | pljúja; pljúvam | plivat (plivu) | pluć (plujÄ™) | pljùvati (pljÈ•jÄ“m) | pljúvati (pljújem) | |
to vomit |
|
v. | блеваÌÑ‚ÑŒ | bl'evát' (bljujú, bljujót) | bÇÌlvam | blÃt (bliju) | wymiotować, zwracać; OPl. bluć (bluj̨ę) | bljùvati (bljÈ•jÄ“m), povraÄati | (Orb.) bljÈ•vat (3sg. bljûje/bljÈ•va) | bljÇváti/bljuváti/bljúti (bljúvam/bljújem) | |
to breathe |
|
v. | дышать | dyshat' (dial.) | диÌшам | dÃÅ¡am | dýchat (dýchám) | oddychać; dychać (colloq.), dyszeć[9] | dÃsati (dîšēm/dîhÄm) | dȉhati (2sg. dȉšeÅ¡) | dÃhati (dîham) |
to laugh |
|
v. (c) | ÑмеÑÌÑ‚ÑŒÑÑ | sm'eját's'a (smejús', smejóts'a) | ÑмеÌÑ Ñе | sméja se | smát se (smÄ›ju se) | Å›miać siÄ™ (Å›miejÄ™ siÄ™) | smìjati se (sjìjÄ“m se) | (Vrg.) smÄ«jÈti se (smijÈ…Å¡ se) | smẹÌjati/smẹjáti se (smẹÌjem/smẹÌjam/smẹjÃm se) |
to see |
|
v. (a) | виÌдеть | v'Ãd'et' (1sg. v'Þu, 3sg. v'Ãd'it) | виÌждам | vÃdja, vÞdam | vidÄ›t (vidÃm) | widzieć | vȉdjeti (vȉdÄ«m) | vìti (2sg. vȉdÄ«Å¡) | vÃdẹti (vîdim) |
to hear |
|
ÑлуÌшать | slúšat' | ÑлуÌшам, чуÌвам | slúšam, Äúvam | slyÅ¡et (slyÅ¡Ãm) | sÅ‚yszeć | sluÅ¡ati | sliÅ¡ati (sliÅ¡im) | ||
to know, be familiar with |
|
v. (a) | знать | znat' (znáju) | знаÌÑ; знам | znája; znam | znát (znám) | znać | znÈti (znâm) | znÈti (2sg. znå̂š) | znáti (znâm) |
to know, understand |
|
v. | ведать | v'édat'[10] | --- | --- | vÄ›dÄ›t (vÃm) | wiedzieć (wiem) | znati | vẹÌdẹti (vẹÌm) | |
to think |
|
мыÌÑлить | mýsl'it' | миÌÑÐ»Ñ | mÃslja | myslet (myslÃm) | myÅ›leć | misliti | misliti (mislim) | ||
to smell |
|
нюÌхать, чуÌÑÑ‚ÑŒ | n'úkhat', Äújat' | мириÌша, дуÌша | mirÃÅ¡a, dúša | vonÄ›t (vonÃm), Äichat (Äichám) | czuć | mirisati | vohati | ||
to fear |
|
боÑÌÑ‚ÑŒÑÑ | boját's'a | ÑтрахуÌвам Ñе | straxúvam se | bát se | bać siÄ™ (bojÄ™ siÄ™) | bojati se | bati se | ||
to sleep |
|
Ñпать | spat' | ÑÐ¿Ñ | spja | spát | spać | spavati | spati | ||
to live |
|
v. (c) | жить | ž'it' /žyt'/ | живеÌÑ | živéja | žÃt | żyć | žÃvjeti, 1sg. žÃvÄ«m | žīvȉti, 2sg. žīvÈ…Å¡ | živeti |
to die |
|
умираÌÑ‚ÑŒ | um'irát' | умиÌрам | umÃram | umÃrat | umierać, mrzeć | umrjeti, umriti | umreti | ||
to kill |
|
убиваÌÑ‚ÑŒ | ub'ivát' | убиÌвам | ubÃvam | zabÃjet | zabijać, ubijać | ubiti | ubiti | ||
to fight |
|
бороÌÑ‚ÑŒÑÑ | borót's'a | боÌÑ€Ñ Ñе, биÌÑ Ñе | bórja se, bÃr se | bojovat | walczyć, bić siÄ™ | boriti se, tuÄi se | boriti se, biti se, bojevati se | ||
to hunt |
|
охоÌтитьÑÑ | oxót'it's'a | ловуÌвам | lovúvam | lovit | polować,[11] Å‚owić[12] | loviti | loviti | ||
to hit |
|
v. | ударÑÌÑ‚ÑŒ | udar'át' | уÌдрÑм | údrjam | udeÅ™it | uderzać | ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarÄ«m | udariti | |
to cut |
|
реÌзать, рубиÌÑ‚ÑŒ | r'ézat', rub'Ãt' | реÌжа, ÑÐµÐºÐ°Ì | réža, seká | Å™ezat | ciąć,[13] strzyc,[14] OPl. rzezać (arch.) | rezati | rezati | ||
to split | разделÑÌÑ‚ÑŒ | razd'el'át' | раздеÌлÑм | razdéljam | rozdÄ›lit | podzielić,[15] rozdzielić[16] | podijeliti, razdijeliti | razdeliti | |||
to stab |
|
колоÌÑ‚ÑŒ | kolót' | бучаÌ, промуÌшвам, пробоÌждам | buÄá, promúšvam, probóždam | pÃchnout | pchnąć,[17] bóść[18] (coll. kolnąć) | ubosti, zabosti | zabosti, prebosti | ||
to scratch |
|
цараÌпать | carápat' | чеÌша, драÌÑкам | Äéša, dráskam | Å¡krábat | drapać,[19] skrobać,[20] czesać[21] | grebati | praskati | ||
to dig |
|
копаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | kopát' | копаÌÑ | kopája | kopat | kopać | kopati | kopati | ||
to swim, sail |
|
v.; v. (a) | плыть | plyt' (plyvú, plyv'ót) | плуÌвам | plúvam | plout (pluju) | (pÅ‚ywać), pluć[22] | plȉti (plȉjÄ“m) | plúti (plújem/plóvem) | |
to swim, sail |
|
v. (a) | плаÌвать | plávat' | плаÌвам | plávam | plavat | pÅ‚ywać, pÅ‚awić siÄ™,[23] OPl. pÅ‚awać | plivati | plávati (plâvam) | |
to fly |
|
летаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | l'etát' | летÑÌ | letjá | létat | latać, lecieć | letjeti | leteti | ||
to walk |
|
v. | ходиÌÑ‚ÑŒ | xod'Ãt' | хоÌÐ´Ñ | xódja | chodit | chodzić | hòdati (hÈdÄ«m) | hodȉti | hóditi (hÇ«Ìdim) |
to go |
|
v. | Ð¸Ð´Ñ‚Ð¸Ì | idt'à (idú, id'ót) | Ãda | jÃt (jdu) | iść (idÄ™) | ìći (ȉdÄ“m) | Ãti (Ãdem) | ||
to come | приходиÌÑ‚ÑŒ, Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹Ñ‚Ð¸Ì | pr'ixod'Ãt', pr'ijt'à | иÌдвам | Ãdvam | pÅ™icházet, pÅ™ijÃt | przychodzić, przyjść | doći, prići | priti | |||
to lie (as in a bed) |
|
лежаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | l'ežát' | Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°Ì | ležá | ležet | leżeć | ležati, lijegati | ležati | ||
to sit | *sÄ›sti | ÑидеÌÑ‚ÑŒ | s'id'ét' | ÑедÑÌ | sedjá | sedÄ›t | siedzieć | sjediti | sesti | ||
to stand |
|
ÑтоÑÌÑ‚ÑŒ | stoját' | ÑтоÑÌ | stojá | stát | stać | stajati | vstati | ||
to turn |
|
v. (c) | вертеÌÑ‚ÑŒ | v'ert'ét' (1sg. v'erÄú, 3sg. v'ért'it) | въртÑÌ | vÇrtjá | vrtÄ›t | (obracać), wiercić | vÅ•tjeti (vÅ•tÄ«m) | vrtȉti (2sg. vrtÄ©Å¡) | vrtẹÌti (vrtÃm) |
to turn, return |
|
v. (b) | воротить, вернуть | vorot'Ãt' (1sg. voroÄú, 3sg. vorót'it)[24] vernut' | --- | --- | vrátit | wrócić | vrátiti (1sg. vrâtÄ«m) | vrå̄tȉti (2sg. vrå̃tÄ«Å¡) | vrniti |
to fall |
|
паÌдать | pádat' | паÌдам | pádam | padat | spadać/padać, paść/spaść | pasti | pasti | ||
to give |
|
даваÌÑ‚ÑŒ | davát' | даÌвам | dávam | dávat | dawać, dać | dati | dati | ||
to hold |
|
держаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | d'eržát' | Ð´ÑŠÑ€Ð¶Ð°Ì | dÇržá | držet | trzymać, dzierżyć | držati | držati | ||
to squeeze |
|
v. (b) | ÑжимаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | sž'imát' /žžymát'/ | ÑтиÌÑкам, маÌчкам | stÃskam, máÄkam | maÄkat | Å›ciskać | stiskati | stiskati | |
to rub |
|
тереÌÑ‚ÑŒ | t'er'ét' | триÌÑ, Ñ‚ÑŠÌркам | trÃja, tÇÌrkam | tÅ™Ãt | trzeć | trljati | treti, drgniti | ||
to wash |
|
мыть | myt' | миÌÑ, Ð¿ÐµÑ€Ð°Ì | mÃja, perá | mýt | myć | oprati, umiti | umiti, oprati | ||
to wipe | вытираÌÑ‚ÑŒ | vyt'irát' | бъÌрша, триÌÑ | bÇÌrÅ¡a, trÃja | vytÃrat | wycierać | obrisati, brisati | brisati, otreti | |||
to pull |
|
Ñ‚ÑнуÌÑ‚ÑŒ | t'anút' | дъÌрпам, теÌглÑ, влаÌча | dÇÌrpam, téglja, vláÄa | táhnout | ciÄ…gnąć | potegnuti | vleÄi, potegniti | ||
to push | толкаÌÑ‚ÑŒ, пихаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | tolkát', p'ixát' | натиÌÑкам, буÌтам | natÃskam, bútam | tlaÄit | pchać | gurnuti | potistniti, poriniti | |||
to throw |
|
броÑаÌÑ‚ÑŒ, кидаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | brosát', k'idát' | хвъÌрлÑм | xvÇÌrljam | házet; OCz. vrci (1sg. vrhu) | rzucać | |veȑć, 2sg. veȑžeÅ¡ | vreÄi | ||
to tie |
|
v. (b) | вÑзаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | v'azát' | връÌзвам | vrÇÌzvam | vázat | wiÄ…zać | vézati, 1sg. véžēm | vÄ“zÈti, 2sg. vēžeÅ¡ | vezati |
to sew |
|
шить | Å¡'it' /Å¡yt'/ | шиÌÑ | Å¡Ãja | Å¡Ãt | szyć | Å¡ivati | sejati | ||
to read, count |
|
v. | читаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | Ä'itát' | --- | --- | ÄÃst (Ätu) | czytać | Äìtati (ÄìtÄm) | Äȉtati (2sg. Äȉtå̄š) | brati (berem), ÄÃtati (ÄÃtam) |
to speak, talk |
|
v. | говориÌÑ‚ÑŒ | govor'Ãt' | govórja | mluvit, hovoÅ™it | OPl. goworzyć; gaworzyć[25] | govòriti (gòvorÄ«m) | govÈrÄ«ti (2sg. govÈrÄ«Å¡) | govorÃti (govorÃm) | |
to show |
|
v. | казаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | kazát' | káža | ukázat | kazać | kázati (kâžēm) | kå̄zÈti (2sg. kå̃žeÅ¡) | kázati (kážem) | |
to sing |
|
v. (c) | петь | p'et' (pojú, pojót) | пеÌÑ | péja (2sg. péeÅ¡) | zpÃvat (zpÃvám) | piać (piejÄ™) | pjevati | pẹÌti (pójem); pójati (pójam/pójem) | |
to play |
|
играÌÑ‚ÑŒ | igrát' | играÌÑ | igrája | hrát | grać | igrati | igrati | ||
to flow |
|
течь | t'eÄ' | Ñ‚ÐµÐºÐ°Ì | teká | téct | ciec, cieknąć | teÄi | teÄi | ||
to freeze |
|
замерзáть | zam'erzát' | замръÌзвам | zamrÇÌzvam | zamrznout | marznąć | zamrznuti | zamrzniti | ||
to swell |
|
пуÌхнуть | púxnut' | подпуÌхвам, отиÌчам, подуÌвам Ñе | podpúxvam, otÃÄam, podúvam se | opuchnout, otéct | puchnąć | oteknuti, oteći | oteÄi | ||
sun |
|
ÑоÌлнце | sólnc'e /sónce/ | ÑлъÌнце | slÇÌnce | slunce | sÅ‚oÅ„ce | sunce | sonce | ||
moon |
|
лунаÌ, меÌÑÑц | luná, m'és'ac | Ð»ÑƒÐ½Ð°Ì | luná | mÄ›sÃc | księżyc, OPl. miesiÄ…c | mjesec | mesec | ||
star |
|
Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð°Ì | zv'ezdá | Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð°Ì | zvezdá | hvÄ›zda | gwiazda | zvijezda | zvezda | ||
water |
|
f. Ä (c) | Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ì | vodá (acc. vódu) | Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ì | vodá | voda | woda | vòda (acc. vÈdu) | vodÈ (acc. vÈdu) | vóda |
rain |
|
дождь | dožd' /doÅ¡Å¡', doÅ¡t'/ | дъжд | dÇžd | déšť | deszcz, OPl. deżdż (gen. deszczu/dżdżu) | kiÅ¡a | dež | ||
river |
|
Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ°Ì | r'eká | Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ°Ì | reká | Å™eka | rzeka | rijeka | reka | ||
lake |
|
оÌзеро | óz'ero | еÌзеро | ézero | jezero | jezioro | jezero | jezero | ||
sea |
|
моÌре | mór'e | Ð¼Ð¾Ñ€ÐµÌ | moré | moÅ™e | morze | more | morje | ||
salt |
|
Ñоль | sol' | Ñол | sol | sůl | sól | sol | sol | ||
stone |
|
каÌмень | kám'en' | каÌмък | kámÇk | kámen | kamieÅ„ (dim. kamyk) | kamen | kamen | ||
sand |
|
пеÑоÌк | p'esók | пÑÌÑък | pjásÇk | pÃsek | piasek | pijesak | pesek | ||
dust |
|
пыль | pyl' | прах | prax | prach | pył, kurz | prašina, prah | prah | ||
earth |
|
f. jÄ (b/c) | землÑÌ | z'eml'á (acc. z'éml'u) | земÑÌ | zemjá | zemÄ› | ziemia | zèmlja (acc. zÈ…mlju) | zemÄ¼È (acc. zÈ…mļu) | zémlja |
cloud |
|
туÌча, оÌблако | túÄa, óblako | оÌблак | óblak | oblak | chmura, obÅ‚ok | oblak | oblak | ||
fog | мгла, туман | mgla, tuman | Ð¼ÑŠÐ³Ð»Ð°Ì | mÇglá | mlha | mgÅ‚a | magla | megla | |||
sky | *nebo | неÌбо | n'ébo | Ð½ÐµÐ±ÐµÌ | nebé | nebe | niebo | nebo | nebo | ||
wind |
|
m. o (a) | веÌтер | v'ét'er | вÑÌÑ‚ÑŠÑ€ | vjátÇr | vÃtr | wiatr | vjÈ…tar (vjÈ…tra) | vȉtar (vȉtra) | vệtÇr |
snow |
|
Ñнег | sn'eg | ÑнÑг | snjag | snÃh | Å›nieg | snijeg | sneg | ||
ice |
|
лёд | l'od | лед | led | led | lód | led | led | ||
smoke |
|
дым | dym | дим, пуÌшек | dim, púšek | dým | dym | dim | dim | ||
fire |
|
огоÌнь | ogón' | оÌгън | ógÇn | oheň | ogieÅ„ (ognia) | vatra | ogenj | ||
ash |
|
пеÌпел | p'ép'el | пеÌпел | pépel | popel | popiół | pepeo | pepel | ||
to burn |
|
гореÌÑ‚ÑŒ, пылаÌÑ‚ÑŒ | gor'ét', pylát' | горÑÌ, палÑÌ | gorjá, paljá | hoÅ™et | palić, arch. gorzeć | goriti | goreti | ||
way |
|
m. i (b) | путь | put' | път | pÇt | pout' (fem.)[26] | droga, OPl. pąć | pût (púta) | pÅ©t (pÅ©ta) | pÇ«Ìt |
mountain |
|
fem. Ä (c) | Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ì | gorá | Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ì | gorá[27] | hora | góra | gòra (gÈru), planina | gorÈ (gÈru) | góra |
red |
|
adj. o | Ä'er'emnój/Ä'er'ómnyj (dial.)[28] | --- | --- | Äermný/Ärmný (Kott) | (dial. czermny) | crveno | Ärmljen | ||
red |
|
adj. o | Ä'er'evl'onyj (obs.)[29] | червеÌн | Äervén | Äervený | czerwony, czerwieÅ„ | crÌ€ven | rdeÄ | ||
green |
|
adj. o (b) | зелёный | z'el'ónyj | зелеÌн | zelén | zelený | zielony, zieleÅ„ | zèlen, zelèna, zelèno | zelẽn, zelenÈ, zelenÈ | zelèn, zeléna |
yellow |
|
adj. o | жёлтый | ž'óltyj /žóltyj/ | жълт | žÇlt | žlutý | żółty, żółć, żółcieÅ„ | žût, f. žúta | žût, f. žūtÈ, n. žûto | rumen, žôłt, žółta |
white |
|
беÌлый | b'élyj | бÑл | bjal | bÃlý | biaÅ‚y, biel | bijelo | bel | ||
black |
|
чёрный | Ä'órnyj | чеÌрен | Äéren | Äerný | czarny, czerÅ„ | crno | Ärn | ||
night |
|
ночь | noÄ' | нощ | noÅ¡t | noc | noc | noć | noÄ | ||
day |
|
день | d'en' | ден | den | den | dzień | dan | dan | ||
year |
|
год | god | годиÌна | godÃna | rok | rok | godina | leto | ||
warm |
|
тёплый | t'óplyj | тоÌпъл | tópÇl | teplý | ciepÅ‚y | toplo | toplo | ||
cool, cold |
|
adj. o (c) | холоÌдный | xolódnyj | хлаÌден | xláden | chladný | chÅ‚odny | hládÇn | hlå̂dan | hládÇn |
full |
|
поÌлный | pólnyj | пъÌлен | pÇÌlen | plný | peÅ‚ny, peÅ‚en | pun | poln | ||
new |
|
ноÌвый | nóvyj | нов | nov | nový | nowy | nov | nov | ||
old |
|
ÑтаÌрый | stáryj | Ñтар | star | starý | stary | star | star | ||
good |
|
хороÌший, добрый | xoróš'ij, dobryj | добъÌÑ€ | dobÇÌr | dobrý | dobry | dobar | dober | ||
bad |
|
adj. o | злой | zloj; zol, zla, zlo[30] | лош | loÅ¡ | zlý | zÅ‚y | zÈo, zlÈ, zlÈ | zÇ̀ł, zlà ; zâl | |
rotten |
|
гнилоÌй | gn'ilój | гнил | gnil | shnilý | zgniÅ‚y | pokvaren | gnil | ||
dirty | грÑÌзный | gr'áznyj | мръÌÑен | mrÇÌsen | Å¡pinavý | brudny | prljav, zmazan | umazan | |||
straight |
|
прÑмоÌй | pr'amój | прав | prav | pÅ™Ãmý | prosty; prawy[31] | ravan | raven | ||
round |
|
круÌглый | krúglyj | кръÌгъл | krÇÌgÇl | kulatý / okrouhlý | krÄ…gÅ‚y/okrÄ…gÅ‚y | okruglo | okrogel | ||
sharp |
|
оÌÑтрый | óstryj | оÌÑÑ‚ÑŠÑ€ | óstÇr | ostrý | ostry | oÅ¡tro | oster | ||
dull |
|
тупоÌй | tupój | тъп | tup | tupý | tÄ™py | tup | top | ||
smooth |
|
глаÌдкий, роÌвный | gládk'ij, róvnyj | глаÌдък, раÌвен | gládÇk, ráven | hladký | gÅ‚adki | gladak | gladek | ||
wet |
|
моÌкрый | mókryj | моÌкър | mókÇr | mokrý | mokry | mokar | moker | ||
dry |
|
ÑухоÌй | suxój | Ñух | sux | suchý | suchy | suh | suh | ||
correct | праÌвильный | práv'il'nyj | праÌвилен | právilen | správný | poprawny | pravilan | pravilen | |||
near |
|
блиÌзкий | bl'Ãzk'ij | блиÌзък | blÃzÇk | blÃzký | bliski | blizu | blizu, blizek | ||
far |
|
далёкий | dal'ók'ij | далеÌчен | daléÄen | daleký | daleki | daleko | deleÄ, daljni | ||
right |
|
праÌвый | právyj | деÌÑен | désen | pravý | prawy | desno, pravo | desen | ||
left |
|
леÌвый | lévyj | лÑв | ljav | levý | lewy | lijevo | levi | ||
at |
|
prep./pref. | при, у | pr'i, u | при, у, на | pri, u, na | při, u | przy, u | u; u- | pri | |
in(to) |
|
prep. | в | v; vn- | в | v | v; v(n)- | w(e); wn- | u; va- | v | |
with |
|
Ñ | s | Ñ(ÑÑŠÑ) | s(sÇs) | s | z | s, sa | s, z | ||
and | (j)ь, *a | и, а | i, a | и, а | i, a | a, i | i, a | i | in | ||
if |
|
еÌÑли | jésl'i | Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ì | akó | jestli | jeÅ›li, jeżeli | ako, ukoliko | Äe, ako | ||
because |
|
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ð¼ÑƒÌ Ñ‡Ñ‚Ð¾ | potomú Äto /Å¡to/ | защоÌто | zaÅ¡tóto | protože | bo, dlatego że, ponieważ | zato (Å¡to, jer), stoga | zato, zato ker | ||
name |
|
иÌÐ¼Ñ | Ãm'a | иÌме | Ãme | jméno | imiÄ™, arch. miano | ime | ime |
Conventions in the table
- Common Slavic accents follow Serbo-Croatian conventions: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), È (short falling), Ä (length in unstressed syllable). The Late Common Slavic neoacute is indicated as ã. This was pronounced as short rising in ь̃ ъ̃; long rising in ẽ õ in most languages, but short rising in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian; and consistently long rising over other vowels.
- The accent pattern (a, b or c) of Common Slavic nouns, verbs and adjectives is indicated. These patterns are as follows: a = consistent root accent; b = predominant suffix accent; c = mobile accent.
- Nouns are given in the nominative singular; a form in parentheses is genitive singular except as indicated (acc. = accusative singular, pl. = nominative plural).
- Verbs are given in the infinitive (but the first singular present in Bulgarian, which has no infinitives). A form in parentheses is first singular present except as indicated (2sg. = second singular, 3sg. = third singular). A second form in parentheses is third singular present.
- When multiple forms of an adjective are given, the order is masculine, feminine, neuter.
- Chakavian forms are given in the Vrgada dialect except as indicated (Novi = Novi dialect, Orb. = Orbanići dialect).
Transcription of Russian and Bulgarian
Transcription of Bulgarian follows the standard conventions for academic transliteration of Cyrillic, with the exception that Cyrillic ÑŠ is represented as Ç instead of ă for ease of reading, particularly when combined with a stress mark (ÇÌ instead of ắ). This is a one-to-one transliteration that directly represents the spelling of Cyrillic. This transliteration also represents Bulgarian phonology quite well (unlike the situation in Russian).
Transcription of Russian is based on the same standard, but deviates from it in order to consistently represent palatalization (always written with a following apostrophe, e.g. l', n', t', v') and the phoneme /j/ (always written j), both of which are spelled in multiple ways in Cyrillic. The following indicates how to convert between the two:
Cyrillic letters | Letter class | Academic transliteration | This article's transcription |
---|---|---|---|
а Ñ Ñ‹ о у | Non-palatal vowels | a è y o u | a e y o u |
Ñ Ðµ и Ñ‘ ÑŽ | Palatal vowels | ja e i ë ju | If following a consonant, a e i o u with preceding apostrophe ('); if following another letter, ja je ji jo ju; if word-initial, ja je i jo ju. |
й ў | Semivowels | j Š| same |
ь | Soft sign | ' | same |
ÑŠ | Hard sign | '' | not written |
щ | A consonant sign | Å¡Ä | Å¡Å¡' |
The result is that this article's transcription is almost directly phonemic, making it significantly easier for readers not familiar with the complications of Cyrillic spelling. Note that the transcription used here continues the standard practice of representing the Cyrillic letters ы и as y i, although they are normally considered allophones of each other. This is because the pronunciation of the two letters is significantly different, and Russian ы normally continues Common Slavic *y [ɨ], which was a separate phoneme.
The letter щ is conventionally written Å¡t in Bulgarian, Å¡Ä in Russian. This article writes Å¡Å¡' in Russian to reflect the modern pronunciation [É•É•].
Both transcriptions indicate stress with an acute accent (á é à ó ú ý ÇÌ). Stress is indicated in Cyrillic in the same fashion, except with the letter Ñ‘, which is always stressed.
Pronunciation
Capsule summary of Russian pronunciation
The transcription used in this article is morphophonemic rather than strictly phonemic, i.e. it writes the underlying phonemes rather than the phonemes actually heard when pronounced. The difference occurs particularly in the representation of unstressed vowels, where multiple underlying phonemes merge. For example, underlying e and i merge into the same sound when unstressed, but the difference is revealed in related forms based on the same root: e.g. z'eml'á [zʲɪmˈlʲæ] "land" has accusative z'éml'u [ˈzʲemlʲʉ], but z'imá [zʲɪˈma] "winter" has accusative z'Ãmu [ˈzʲimu]. When the transcription (which is derived from the spelling) disagrees with the actual morphophonemic pronunciation, the latter is indicated specially, e.g. Äto /Å¡to/; Å¡'it' /Å¡yt'/; ž'óltyj /žóltyj/; ž'ená /žená/ [Êɨˈna]; sólnc'e /sónce/ [ˈsontÍ¡sÇ]. This occurs mostly with the letters Å¡, ž, c, which are normally written palatal but pronounced non-palatal; but it is also due to occasional assimilations. Note that the rules for unstressed vowels still need to be applied (see below).
- á, é, à etc. indicates stress.
- Å¡ [Ê‚], ž [Ê] and c [tÍ¡s] are never palatal, while Ä [tÍ¡É•] and Å¡Å¡ [É•É•] are always palatal, regardless of spelling.
- y [ɨ]: allophone of i [i] after non-palatal consonants, but written differently by convention. Written i sounds as y after Å¡, ž, c, regardless of whether indicated as palatal in the spelling: ž'it [Êɨtʲ] "to live".
- Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables are extensive, but not written.
- After palatal, vowels a, o, e, i all merge as [ɪ]: t'až'ólyj [tʲɪˈÊolɨj] "heavy", v'el'Ãk'ij [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj] "big".
- After non-palatal, vowels a and o merge as [É] directly before the stress and absolutely word-initially, [Ç] elsewhere: molokó [mÇlÉˈko] "milk", sobáka [sÉˈbakÇ] "dog", Ä'elov'ék [t͡ɕɪlÉˈvʲek] "man (human)".
- After non-palatal, vowels e and i/y merge as [ɨ]: ž'ená [Êɨˈna].
- Exception: Absolutely word-finally after a palatal, e, i merge as [ɪ] but a, o merge as [Ç]: s'ém'a [ˈsʲemʲə] "seed".
- Obstruents are devoiced word-finally, and agree in voicing in a cluster before another obstruent: muž [muÊ‚] "husband", vs'o [fsʲɵ] "everything", vokzál [vÉɡˈzal] "railway station". But v does not trigger voicing of preceding obstruent, nor is it devoiced.
- The reflexive suffix -s'a and reflexive infinitive -t'-s'a are pronounced without palatalization, i.e. as if written -sa and -t-sa.
Capsule summary of Bulgarian pronunciation
- á, é, à etc. indicates stress.
- Stressed Ç is actually [ɤ]; unstressed a and Ç tend to merge as [É].
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian.
Capsule summary of Czech pronunciation
- á, é, à etc. indicates vowel length.
- ů [uË] < *ó. ou [oʊ̯] < *ú.
- h [ɦ], ch [x].
- Ä [tʃ], Å¡ [ʃ], ž [Ê’], Å™ [rÌ] (a palatal fricative trill, sounding a bit like [rÊ‘]).
- Ä [ÉŸ], Å¥ [c], ň [ɲ]. Also indicated by d, t, n before i, à or Ä›.
- y = i but indicates normal rather than palatal pronunciation after d t n.
- Ä› = short e but signals palatal nature of previous consonant: dÄ›, tÄ›, nÄ› = Äe, Å¥e, ňe; vÄ›, fÄ›, bÄ›, pÄ› = vje, fje, bje, pje; mÄ› = mňe.
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian. Å™ after obstruent is itself devoiced rather than trigger voicing: pÅ™Ãmý [prÌÌŠiËmiË] "straight".
Capsule summary of Polish pronunciation
- Retroflex consonants: sz [Ê‚], cz [tÍ¡Ê‚], ż [Ê], rz [Ê] < *Å™ (as in Czech), dż [dÍ¡Ê].
- Alveolopalatal consonants: ś or si [ɕ], ć or ci [t͡ɕ], ź or zi [ʑ], dź or dzi [d͡ʑ], ń or ni [ɲ].
- All consonants are palatalized before i. Note that alveolar s, z, n become alveolopalatal when palatalized, absorbing the i before another vowel: chodzić [ˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ] "to walk", siedzieć [ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ] "to sit".
- h or ch [x], w [v], Å‚ [w].
- y [ɨ], ó [u] < *oË, Ä™ [ɛ̃], Ä… [ɔ̃].
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian and Czech. However, w and rz do not voice a preceding voiceless obstruent, but instead are devoiced: kwiat [kfʲat] "flower", przyjść [pʂɨjÉ•tÍ¡É•] "to come" < *prʲijtʲ (cf. Russian pr'ijt'Ã).
Capsule summary of Serbo-Croatian pronunciation
- Accents: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), È (short falling), Ä (length in unstressed syllable), ã (long rising in Chakavian dialect = Common Slavic neoacute).
- Å¡ [ʃ], Ä [tʃ], ž [Ê’], dž [dÊ’], ć [tÉ•], Ä‘ [dÊ‘], nj [ɲ], lj [ÊŽ].
- Russian-style obstruent voicing/devoicing does not occur.
Dialectal differentiation
After the three palatalizations of Proto-Slavic, dialectal variation became more apparent. Some dialects (such as Proto-East Slavic), applied the second regressive palatalization across an intervening *v.[32]
- Russian: *gwojzda > *gwězda > zvězda > [zʲvʲɪˈzda] ('star')
- Polish: *gwojzda > *gwězda > gwiazda > [ˈɡvʲazda] ('star')
Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. Belić (1921) argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy.[33] In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:[32]
- Ukrainian: *zvizda> z'vizda; and zyrka/z'irka> Cf. Pol.: gwiazda-> GV/ZV + I + ZD; Z'/Z + Y/I + R + K +A ( zIr > vision).
The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *Ä› to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *Äa/*ka contrasts.[34] This, and the shortening and elision of weak yers (*ÑŒ/Ä and *ÑŠ/Å) (see HavlÃk's law) that created newly formed closed syllables[35] ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.
For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive to a voiced velar fricative ([É¡] > [c]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur in a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarusian and South Russian) until after the application of HavlÃk's law, Shevelov (1977) calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.[36]
Because the reflexes for the nasal vowels *Ä™ and *Ç« differ so widely, it's very likely that their phonetic value in Late Proto-Slavic was not uniform.[37]
See also
- Slavic languages
- History of the Slavic languages
- Proto-Slavic language
- Indo-European vocabulary
- Wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Slavic languages
References
- ↑ "adder"
- ↑ "venomous snake, adder"
- ↑ "sheepskin coat"
- ↑ "braid, plait"
- ↑ "braid, mane"
- ↑ "carcass"
- ↑ "back"
- ↑ "entrails, eggs"
- ↑ "pant, gasp"
- ↑ "manage"; "know" (obs.)
- ↑ "hunt, chase, prowl, course"
- ↑ "hunt, fish, catch, snare"
- ↑ "cut, slice, chop"
- ↑ "cut, mow, trim, shear"
- ↑ "split, divide, separate, share, distribute, "
- ↑ "split (up), (divide up), disunite, pull apart, separate, parcel, give away, share, distribute, provide, disperse"
- ↑ "push"
- ↑ "stab, spike, prick, butt"
- ↑ "scratch, scrape, irritate, rub"
- ↑ "scratch, scrape, rasp, scrub, grate, scribble"
- ↑ "comb, brush"
- ↑ "spit, sputter"
- ↑ "wallow"
- ↑ "bring back"
- ↑ "babble, coo"
- ↑ "pilgrimage, journey"
- ↑ "woods"
- ↑ "red-haired, ginger"
- ↑ "dark red"
- ↑ "angry"
- ↑ "righteous"
- 1 2 Channon (1971:9)
- ↑ Belić (1921:31)
- ↑ Channon (1971:12)
- ↑ Bethin (1997:13)
- ↑ Shevelov (1977:137, 145)
- ↑ Schenkdar (2002:74)
Bibliography
- Belić, Aleksandar (1921), "Ðајмлађа (Трећа) Промена Задњенепчаних СуглаÑника k, g и h у ПраÑловенÑком Језику", ЈужноÑловенÑки Филолог II: 18–39
- Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998), Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59148-1
- Channon, Robert (1972), On the Place of the Progressive Palatalization of Velars in the Relative Chronology of Slavic, The Hague: Mouton
- Lehr-SpÅ‚awiÅ„ski, Tadeusz (1957), "Z dziejów jÄ™zyka prasÅ‚owiaÅ„skiego (Urywek z wiÄ™kszej caÅ‚oÅ›ci)", ЕзиковедÑки ИзÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð’ ЧеÑÑ‚ Ðа Ðкадемик Стефан Младенов (Sofia)
- Schenkar, Alexander M. (2002), "Proto-Slavonic", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G., The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
- Shevelov, George Y. (1977), "On the Chronology of h and the New g in Ukrainian", Harvard Ukrainian Studies (PDF), vol 1 (2), Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, pp. 137–52