Swamp sparrow

Swamp sparrow
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Emberizidae
Genus:	Melospiza
Species:	M. georgiana
Binomial name
Melospiza georgiana (Latham, 1790)

The swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) is a medium-sized sparrow related to the song sparrow.

Adults have streaked rusty, buff and black upperparts with an unstreaked gray breast, light belly and a white throat. The wings are strikingly rusty. Most males and a few females have a rust-colored caps. Their face is gray with a dark line through the eye. They have a short bill and fairly long legs. Immature birds and winter adults usually have two brown crown stripes and much of the gray is replaced with buff.

Swamp sparrows breed across the northern United States and boreal Canada. The southern edge of their breeding range coincides largely with the Line of Maximum Glaciation. A small number of morphologically distinct birds inhabit tidal marshes from northern Virginia to the Hudson River Estuary. This subspecies (M. g. nigrescens) winters in coastal marshes of the Carolinas and differs from the two inland swamp sparrow subspecies in having more black in a grayer overall plumage, larger bill, different songs, and a smaller average clutch size.

Their breeding habitat is marshes, including brackish marshes, across eastern North America and central Canada. The bulky nest is attached to marsh vegetation, often just above the ground or surface of the water with leaves or grass arching over the top. The female builds a new nest each year and lays an average of four eggs per clutch.^[2] Females give a series of chips as they leave the nest, probably to ward off attacks by their mate or neighboring males.

While swamp sparrows can be found year-round in small numbers on the southern edge of their breeding range, individuals are probably all migratory, primarily migrating to the southeastern United States.

Swamp sparrows generally forage on the ground near the water's edge, in shallow water or in marsh vegetation. In winter, their diet is principally fruit and seeds, while during the breeding season their diet is mainly arthropods.^[2]

The song of the swamp sparrow is a slow monotone trill, slower than that of the chipping sparrow. A male can have a repertoire of several different trills. The common call note is a loud chip reminiscent of a phoebe.

	Song Singing from the edge of a marsh in Minnesota
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This bird's numbers have declined due to habitat loss in some parts of its range.

Gallery

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  Swamp sparrow taken at Lake Mattamuskeet

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References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Melospiza georgiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. Mowbray, Thomas B. (1997). Poole, A., ed. "Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 25 Jan 2013.

External links

• Swamp sparrow species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Swamp sparrow - Melospiza georgiana - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Swamp sparrow videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Swamp sparrow photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Interactive range map of Melospiza georgiana at IUCN Red List maps