Swedish submarine incidents

The submarine hunts or submarine incidents were a series of several incidents involving foreign submarines that occurred in Swedish territorial waters during the Cold War. In this time, there was intensive debate and speculation in Swedish media about the possibility of Soviet submarine infiltration of Swedish territorial waters. However, later evidence points towards that most intrusions were done by NATO countries, possibly in a deception operation.^[1]

While there had been earlier incidents involving foreign submarines (as seen below), the incidents normally referred to in this context are those that followed the sensational stranding of the Soviet submarine U 137 deep inside Swedish waters on October 27, 1981. The Swedish Navy responded aggressively to these perceived threats, increasing patrols in Swedish waters, mining and electronically monitoring passages, and repeatedly chasing and attacking suspected submarines with depth charge bombs, but no hits or casualties were ever recorded.

Reports of new submarine sightings and television imagery of Swedish Navy helicopters firing depth charges into coastal waters against suspected intruders became commonplace in the mid-to-late 1980s. They remain, for many Swedes, one of the iconic images of the Cold War and of the Swedish relation to the Soviet Union—for some underlining what was considered a major threat to Swedish sovereignty, while for others illustrating the tense atmosphere of the time. However, the reports of these incidents are not uncontested, and an intensive debate emerged early on. This debate unfolded somewhat, but far from exclusively, along leftwing/rightwing lines, and became tied up with the larger issues of relations to Moscow and Swedish armed neutrality. The Soviet Union consistently denied that it was responsible for violating Swedish waters, and claimed that the U 137 had only crossed the border because of navigational faults. Russia today maintains this stand. While the submarine sightings subsided with the fall of the Soviet Union, the debate about these events has reemerged sporadically. They have been the subject of a number of government investigations in Sweden, and continue to attract media attention.

List of major reported incidents

1962

During a military exercise, a submarine is discovered by radar and hydrophone, north of Fårö at Gotland. It retreats only after repeated depth charge strikes.^[2]

October 1–24, 1966

At 0500 a submarine was reported being sighted in Gullmarsfjorden and warning shots were fired by nearby forces. Other sightings followed by warning shots were repeated during the following days.

After many days of continued search for submarines in the vicinity something suddenly happened. On October 24 at mid day a submarine turret conning tower was spotted outside the naval depot ÖGull, deep inside Gullmarsfjorden. Two fishing type mine sweepers from the mine sweeping division at Lysekil immediately went out and managed to establish sonar contact with an object standing still at 10 meters below surface. After having established the exact position of the underwater object, the minesweeper Hasslö was called in to fire warning shots at the location, while the other minesweepers kept contact with their sonar. Contact was lost briefly due to stirred up water and the sweeper's propeller wake.

After two hours since the first sighting one of the minesweepers managed to position itself on top of the located object. It then lowered a cable with a 100kg weight attached to confirm the existence of a solid underwater object. The wire slacked at a depth of 10m. As the sweeper moved forwards the weight was dragged on top of the object for a while and then fell down, stretching the wire as it did so.

Immediately after this, the other sweepers both noticed water turbulence, a possible sign of submarine propellers in motion. The sweeper Hasslö then dropped a depth charge 300m away from the echo location and soon after got a radar contact from an object having breached the surface and went down again. Another depth charge was dropped, this time on the exact target location. The echo now disappeared and was not found again despite the search going on through the night followed by helicopters joining in the morning. At dawn (now the 25th) Hasslö moved southwards and after a while its crew spotted a submarine periscope above the surface. The helicopter group was scrambled to the location, managed to establish contact with the submarine and attacked with depth charges. After that the contact with the submarine was lost.^[3]

Autumn 1969

During a naval drill on the coast of Norrland, the Swedish submarine Springaren comes into contact with a foreign submarine in Swedish waters; it leaves the scene.^[4]

1974

A submarine periscope is spotted by the Swedish Coast Guard near Kappelhamnsviken on Gotland. A destroyer is sent to the scene and establishes contact, at which point the foreign submarine leaves Swedish waters.^[2]

Autumn 1976

During a naval drill in the Stockholm Archipelago, a Soviet Type W submarine exposes itself by using radar, outside Swedish territorial waters. A Swedish submarine monitors the Soviet vessel entering Swedish waters, and records sounds from it. When Swedish submarine-hunting helicopters and destroyers arrive, it speeds out towards international waters and disappears.^[5]

September 18 – October 6, 1980

The Swedish Marine tugboat Ajax discovers the conning tower of a submarine outside Utö in the Stockholm Archipelago. Submarine hunting helicopters are dispatched to the scene, establish contact, and fire warning shots. The submarine does not leave the area, but attempts to avoid capture, and a prolonged submarine hunt began. This lasted for several weeks, during which time the submarine is repeatedly sighted.^[2][6]

October 27, 1981

The U 137 incident. On the evening of October 28, 1981, a fisherman residing in the eastern part of the Karlskrona archipelago phoned in to the Swedish Coast Guard and reported that a submarine had run aground in Gåsefjärden, 30 km from the town centre of Karlskrona. Originally, it was not taken seriously because of its location, as Gåsefjärden is a very difficult terrain to navigate in, as well as being a "dead end". Nevertheless, the fisherman was right, and the vessel was found to be of Soviet origin. The grounded submarine generated intense media interest, and Swedish military forces were put on high alert following suspicions that the Soviet Union would try to recapture the vessel. After several rounds of interrogation, the conservative/Liberal government led by Thorbjörn Fälldin decided to release both the vessel and its crew. This marked the beginning of the "submarine hunts" (ubåtsjakter), as nicknamed by Swedish media.

October 1–13, 1982

The Hårsfjärden incident. After a long period of submarine incidents, the Swedish Navy sets a trap by sealing off an area with mines and sensors. A foreign submarine is then recognized to have entered the trap, and the navy responds in force with major forces stationed nearby. A reported 44 depth charges and 4 naval mines are detonated, trying to sink the submarine, but it is later determined that it avoided the trap or fled at an early stage. This incident triggers the appointment of a parliamentary committee under the leadership of Sven Andersson, which—partly due to the efforts of Carl Bildt—blames the Soviet Union, thereby escalating tension with Moscow. Later research has cast doubt on many of the conclusions of the committee, with some of the sound recordings from the purported submarine now believed to have come from a civilian ship.^[7] The entire incident is now hotly disputed, with some arguing the submarine may have been of NATO origin.^[8]

May 4, 1983

A suspected submarine is reported in Törefjärden, North of Luleå, and mines are detonated.

May 1983

Submarine hunt outside Sundsvall. Helicopters establish contact with a foreign submarine, but are unable to fire, reportedly because civilian journalists have entered the safety area.^[9]

Summer 1983

Submarine hunt in Töreviken.

August 1983

Submarine hunt in the harbor area of Karlskrona and in the adjoining archipelago. Depth charges are fired inside Karlskrona harbor.

February 9–29, 1984

Another submarine hunt in Karlskrona. 22 depth charges are fired against a suspected submarine.

Early summer 1986

A "mysterious object" is reported "diving into the water" in Klintehamnsviken on Gotland. The sea floor is examined, and double-track trace is discovered, allegedly from a submarine vehicle, extending 1100 meters.

June 1987

Another submarine hunt in Törefjärden.

Summer 1987

While examining the magnetic sensors of a minefield in Kappelshamnsviken on Gotland, the military discovers "clear traces on the bottom from a tracked submarine vehicle".

Early summer 1988

A suspected foreign submarine is noticed in Hävringebukten outside Oxelösund. Submarine sounds and air venting is said to have been recorded.

April 13, 2011

A possible foreign submarine is noticed in Baggensfjärden in Nacka. The Swedish Armed Forces' Naval Tactical intelligence service, MTS-M2 investigated the incident.^[10] Later it was confirmed that the object was really a raft frozen in moving ice.^[11]

September 11, 2011

An eyewitness contacts the Swedish armed forces after seeing something outside the harbor of Gothenburg that possibly could have been a foreign submarine. The Swedish Navy deployed several surface warships in an attempt to locate the unknown object.^[12][13]

October 17–24, 2014

A large military operation is launched to search for an allegedly damaged submarine in Kanholmsfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago. Encrypted transmissions sent on an emergency radio frequency used by Russian units were recorded. The sources of the transmissions were identified as a submarine and a military site in the Kaliningrad region.^{[14][15][16][17]} On October 19 the military said there had been three separate sightings and released a picture of the unidentified submarine to the public.^[18] There were also suggestions that the Russian Oil-tanker NS Concord was involved as a mother-ship for smaller underwater vehicles as it maintained a pattern of criss-crossing outside Stockholm during the investigation.^[19] A Russian research ship equipped with a submarine holding bay, R/V Professor Logachev,^[20][21] was also in the area and turned off its location transponder.^[22][23] Several days later, the hunt was still on as officials were certain that foreign underwater operations were still ongoing.^[24] More than 100 sightings were now reported, said Supreme Commander Göransson.^[25] Paul Schwartz at Center for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS, said the photograph could be a Russian Lada-class submarine.^[26] Sources later said it was certainly at least one mini-submarine and that advanced image analysis "reveales part of a submarine superstructure with two masts behind it".^[27] In April 2015, Rear Admiral Anders Grenstad has told Swedish newspapers that the Armed Forces reported to the Swedish government that at least one of the reports of a suspected underwater vessel was in fact only a civilian “working boat,” but that the initial suspected vessel is still believed to be foreign.^[28]

Controversy

As noted above, these events have been hotly disputed in Swedish media and by politicians and journalists active during the time. Although there were some clearly recognized cases of foreign military activity in Swedish waters (e.g. band tracks on the sea floor, or most obviously the U 137), many of the supposed submarine incidents were based on intelligence reports, radar, underwater sensors, or witness statements, giving a less than full picture of the source of the disturbance.

As a result, there is no clear consensus on the extent of possible infiltration, or on whether trespassing submarines were necessarily of Soviet origin. Some suggest that NATO submarines may have been responsible for the most well-known incidents, which has led to a further line of debate, on whether such submarines were secretly allowed to exit Swedish waters unpursued — that would have been in contravention of the publicly declared Swedish neutrality. There is also a dispute concerning sound recordings purported to be of submarine engines, which some now allege stem from natural sounds, fish, mink, civilian vessels, etc.

The discussion also focuses on whether U 137 was sent to spy on Swedish defenses (supported by the large number of similar suspected espionage infiltrations, and by the depth to which it had penetrated), or, as its captain claimed, was lost because of a navigational error (supported by the fact that it ran aground). Furthermore, there is a debate on whether this vessel was armed with nuclear weapons. Swedish military teams are said to have registered high levels of radiation on geiger counters when examining the stranded submarine.

Twenty years after the events, they still generate controversy in modern-day Swedish politics, with prominent politicians and former military officials active on both sides of the dispute.

Ola Tunander attributes the majority of these incursions to be of NATO origin:^[29][30]

Following the stranding of a Soviet Whiskey-class submarine in 1981 on the Swedish archipelago, a series of massive submarine intrusions took place within Swedish waters. However, the evidence for these appears to have been manipulated or simply invented. Classified documents and interviews point to covert Western, rather than Soviet activity. This is backed up by former US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who stated that Western "testing" operations were carried out regularly in Swedish waters with Swedish cooperation. Royal Navy submarine captains have also admitted to top-secret operations.

Cultural influence

The incursions during 1982 and 1983 form a basis for the plot of The Troubled Man (Den orolige mannen), the final Kurt Wallander novel written by Swedish author Henning Mankell and published in 2009. Mankell considered the incursions to be one of the worst scandals in Swedish political history.^[31] Mankell’s play Politik, which debuted in autumn 2010, also dealt with the submarine incidents.^[32]

In 1984 a Finn living in Sweden published the satirical Finnish novel Probable Submarine (Todennäköinen sukellusvene) under the pen-name Klaus Viking. The work was later translated to Swedish as Sannolik u-båt by Paul Jansson. The novel is an examination of Swedish culture and politics as seen through the eyes of a Finnish immigrant who takes it upon himself to create some excitement by constructing a sham submarine and towing it through a restricted military area of the archipelago. It reflects a certain degree of amusement with which some segments of Sweden's neighbor populations regarded the country's recurrent searches for submarine violations of its territorial integrity.

References

1. Tunander 2004, p. 7
2. Allerman, Christian (2007). "Ubåtsincidenter och främmande undervattensverksamhet - en tillbakablick och ett försök till summering" [Submarine Incidents and foreign underwater operations - a retrospective and an attempt at summation]. Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet (in Swedish) (Karlskrona: Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet) (1): 35–41. ISSN 0040-6945.
3. Skoglund, Claes (2002). "En ubåtsjakt på Västkusten" [A submarine hunt on the West coast]. Vårt Försvar (in Swedish) (Stockholm: Allmänna Försvarsföreningen) (2): ?.
4. Malmberg, Bertil (2007). "Några minnesbilder från ubåtsincidenter" [Some recollections of submarine incidents]. Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet (in Swedish) (Karlskrona: Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet) (1): 47–48. ISSN 0040-6945.
5. Hamilton, Björn (2007). "En sovjetisk ubåtskränkning i Danziger Gatt år 1976" [A Soviet submarine violation in Danziger Gatt in 1976]. Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet (in Swedish) (Karlskrona: Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet) (1): 44–46. ISSN 0040-6945.
6. Neckman, Håkan (2007). "Personliga minnesbilder från ubåtsincidenter" [Personal recollections of submarine incidents]. Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet (in Swedish) (Karlskrona: Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet) (1): 48–51. ISSN 0040-6945.
7. https://web.archive.org/20081122202315/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
8. Hansson, Lars (4 December 2007). "De döljer sanningen om ubåtsjakten" [They hide the truth about the submarine hunt]. Expressen (in Swedish).
9. Svensson, Emil (2005). Under den fridfulla ytan [Under the calm surface] (in Swedish). Karlskrona: Marinlitteraturföreningen. ISBN 91-85944-09-2.
10. Aschberg, Richard; Carlsson, Mattias (5 June 2011). "Är det en ubåt?" [Is it a submarine?]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish).
11. Spetz, Lennart (26 May 2011). "Marinens rapport: "Ubåt" var en flotte" [The Navy's report, "Submarine" was a raft]. Nacka Värmdö Posten (in Swedish). Retrieved 5 July 2011.
12. "Främmande ubåt i Göteborgs Hamn" [Foreign submarine in the Port of Gothenburg] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television AB. 15 September 2011.
13. http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/Aktuellt/centralanyheter/Marinen-undersoker-iakttagelser-i-Goteborgs-skargard/
14. "Sweden steps up hunt for 'underwater activity'". The Local. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
15. "Sweden boosts forces to search for 'foreign underwater activity'". Reuters. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
16. "SvD avslöjar: Skadad rysk ubåt söks i skärgården". Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
17. "Försvarsmakten konstaterar trolig undervattensverksamhet". Swedish Armed Forces. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
18. "Photo of unidentified submarine". Swedish Armed Forces. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
19. Search for foreign vessel continues off Stockholm, The Local, October 20, 2014.
20. sv:R/V Professor Logatjev
21. http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/273456410/vessel:PROFESSOR_LOGACHEV
22. "Ryska ubåtsfartyget närmar sig Sverige". Expressen. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
23. "Sweden hunts for suspected Russian submarine in Cold War-style drama". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
24. "Fartygen i hamn - men ingen nedtrappning". Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
25. "Military heads into 'new phase' in sub search". The Local. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
26. "Militärexpert: Ryssland kan vilja testa sina nya ubåtar". Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
27. "Swedish military even more certain: It was a foreign mini-submarine". Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
28. "'Submarine' in Sweden was only civilian boat". The Local. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
29. Ola Tunander. "Some Remarks on the US/UK Submarine Deception In Swedish Waters in the 1980s" (PDF). International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
30. Ola Tunander (24 September 2004). The secret war against Sweden: US and British submarine deception in the 1980s. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5322-8. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
31. "Mankell på väg att lämna deckarna" [Mankell about to quit detective stories]. Ystads Allehanda (in Swedish) (Skånemedia AB). 11 August 2009.
32. "Palmepjäs av Mankell i Stockholm" [Mankell's Palme play in Stockholm]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish) (Bonnier AB). 17 August 2009.

Bibliography

• Tunander, Ola (2004). The secret war against Sweden. Frank Cass.
• Tunander, Ola (2004). The Secret War Against Sweden – US and British Submarine Deception in the 1980s. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5322-8.