Sibyl Hathaway

Sibyl Hathaway
Hathaway in May 1945
Dame of Sark
In office 1927–1974
Preceded by	William Frederick Collings
Succeeded by	Michael Beaumont
Personal details
Born	Sibyl Mary Collings 13 January 1884 Guernsey
Died	14 July 1974 (aged 90) Sark
Spouse(s)	Dudley Beaumont (m. 1901; died 1918) Robert Hathaway (m. 1929; died 1954)
Children	Francis William Beaumont and 7 others
Parents	William Frederick Collings and Sophie Moffatt

Dame Sibyl Mary Hathaway, DBE (née Collings; 13 January 1884 – 14 July 1974) was Dame of Sark from 1927 until her death. Her 47-year tenure spanned the reigns of four overlords: George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II.

Hathaway was a financially troubled widow with six children when she succeeded her eccentric father, William Frederick Collings, as feudal lord of Sark, one of the small Channel Islands. She immediately set about reinforcing her feudal rights and promoting tourism on the island, which she affectionately called "the last bastion of feudalism". When she remarried in 1929, her second husband, Robert Hathaway, legally became her senior co-ruler, but she kept control of the government.

Hathaway's tenure as dame saw the German occupation of the Channel Islands in the Second World War, during which she refused to evacuate and convinced the islanders to stay as well. Her eldest son and heir apparent, Francis William Beaumont, was killed in 1941, while her husband was deported to a Nazi concentration camp in 1943. Hathaway remains best known for her indomitable conduct during the occupation. After the war, she continued her publicity campaign, strengthening the island's tourism industry.

Having been widowed again in 1954, she went on to rule alone, and was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1965. She was described by a British government official as a "lady of unusual personality", and is often referred to as a benevolent dictator. Dame Sibyl died at the age of 90, and was succeeded by her grandson, Michael Beaumont.

Early life

Sibyl Mary Hathway was born in Guernsey in a house that once belonged to John Allaire, her privateering great-great-grandfather, whose business dealings brought the fief of Sark to his daughter, Marie Collings.^[1] Her parents were William Frederick Collings and his Montreal-born wife Sophie (née Moffatt). Sibyl was born two years after her notoriously intemperant father inherited the fief from his father, William Thomas Collings. Sibyl had one sibling, a sister named Doris.^[2]

Collings treated Hathaway, his heir presumptive, as if she were a boy. She was lame due to unequal leg length, but that did not prevent her father from insisting on teaching her to shoot, sail, and climb cliffs.^[2][3] Collings never allowed his daughters to complain of pain or sadness; Hathaway was later grateful for "being able to live a life free of the inconvenience of self-pity". As the future ruler of an island situated between France and the United Kingdom, she learned standard French and the local Sercquiais dialect of the Norman language.^[3]

First marriage

At the age of 15, Hathaway fell in love with Dudley Beaumont, a British painter who could neither shoot nor climb cliffs and whom her father thus considered a "weakling". In 1901, Collings made it clear to Hathaway that he was adamantly opposed to the relationship. When she continued seeing Beaumont, her enraged father dragged her out of her bedroom at midnight and threw her out of the seigneurial residence barefoot and in a nightgown.^[2][3] Hathaway remained in a hedge until Beaumont, alerted by her mother, found her predawn.^[2] She boarded a boat for the neighbouring island of Guernsey. When the Seigneur stormed aboard looking for Hathaway, she was hidden by the captain. She then travelled to the house of a relative in London. Beaumont soon married her at St James's Church, Piccadilly.^[2][3]

Hathaway had no contact with her father until the birth of her first child, Bridget (1902–1948), when he sent her a telegram of condolence because the child was female, saying: "Sorry it was a vixen". Hathaway, who found children boring, went on to have two more daughters – Douce Alianore Daphne and Jehanne Rosemary Ernestine (born after her father's death) – and four sons – Francis William Lionel, Cyril John Astley, Basil Ian (died in infancy) and Richard Vyvyan Dudley.^[3] The family moved to Sark in 1912, a few years after her mother's death.^[4]

Hathaway wrote extensively about her relationship with Beaumont in her 1961 autobiography.^[5] Beaumont, who served in the British army as an officer during the First World War, died on 24 November 1918 during the Spanish flu pandemic.^[6] Beaumont's death left her a pregnant widow^[2] deprived of most of her income. Neither her father nor her father-in-law, the army officer William Spencer Beaumont, were willing to give financial support to Hathaway and her six surviving children.^[2] She learned German and started working for the YMCA in Cologne.^[2] She also worked for the British Army of the Rhine and raised prize cattle.^[3]

Accession and remarriage

Aerial view of Sark

Collings died on 20 June 1927, and was succeeded by his widowed daughter. Towards the end of his life, he stopped requesting from the inhabitants the payment of tithes, wheat and poulage (a feudal tax of two chickens). Upon her accession, Hathaway immediately reasserted her feudal rights, and even noted: "They always give me the skinniest and oldest [chickens]".

Some islanders complained about Sark being the last remnant of feudalism in Europe, but Hathaway maintained that agriculture had to be encouraged to make the island more self-sufficient. She used the island's unique feudal system to draw tourists, and refused to allow anything to deter them by ruining its peacefulness. She thus banned motor vehicles and holiday camps, but the Chief Pleas refused to pass an ordinance that would forbid selling alcohol to anyone known to get drunk. Like her eldest son Francis, heir apparent to the seigneurship, Hathaway was fascinated by film production. While Appointment with Venus was being shot on Sark in 1951, the Dame even deigned to allow a car ashore, ostensibly believing that "a Land Rover was some sort of senior Boy Scout".^[3]

In autumn 1929, the Dame was on her way to a holiday in the United States when she met Robert Hathaway, an American-born former army aviator. On 5 November, following her return from the United States and a twelve-day-long courtship, they married at St Marylebone Parish Church.^[2][6][7][8] Robert was not aware that the marriage made him jure uxoris seigneur of Sark, his wife's co-ruler, until they set foot on the island.^[9] Hathaway's strong personality, however, ensured that she had the final say in the matters of government;^[9] while her husband attended government meetings as seigneur, she accompanied him to "give advice".^[2] Lecture tours in the United States, aided by her second husband's connections, were part of her efforts to promote tourism and bring more revenue to the island.^[2][4]

Second World War

Hathaway's tenure as seigneur was interrupted by the German occupation of the Channel Islands in the Second World War from 3 July 1940 until 8 May 1945. While some inhabitants of other Channel Islands were evacuated, Hathaway declared that she would not leave her island, and prevailed upon all native-born islanders to remain as well.^[2] Hathaway appears to have believed that Germans would either never come to the island or that their stay would be brief.

Most of her tenants bitterly resented her for the decision to remain on Sark during the ensuing five years of occupation, but thanked her after the war when they saw how total evacuation destroyed the neighbouring island of Alderney.^[10] The Dame had her senior official meet German officers at the harbour and escort them to her residence, where her maid announced them as if they were guests.^[11]

Proclamation of liberation of the Channel Islands

Hathaway was much respected by the islanders as well as the Germans, whose language she spoke perfectly, for the leadership she gave during this period, and the British Home Secretary Herbert Morrison observed that she remained "almost wholly mistress of the situation" throughout the occupation. Hathaway was on friendly terms with Eugen Fürst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein, the German commander stationed in Guernsey, as indicated by their warm correspondence.^[11] She wrote of him as a "charming man" and noted "that they had many friends in common".

Many other German officers in charge of the Channel Islands were also of noble extraction, and Hathaway exploited their "stiff German formality" by making it clear that she "expected to be treated ... with the rigid etiquette to which they were accustomed in their own country."^[6] She insisted that officers come to her rather than the other way around, and expected them to bow, kiss her hand, and bow again before she allowed them to take a seat.^[10] Using her influence with the Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein, she was able to get the German army physician stationed in Sark to treat her sick tenants.^[10] When Germans ordered that all the Sarkese be instructed in German, the Dame offered a room in her residence as a classroom for the children of the island.^[12]

Hathaway's eldest son Francis and his wife Mary were killed during the Liverpool Blitz; his son Michael became first in line to inherit the island.^[2][13] Her husband was deported to Ilag VII in Laufen in Bavaria in February 1943, where he remained for the rest of the war.^[2][12] He did not sign any document delegating his seigneurial authority, which meant that legality of ordinances issued by Hathaway during this period was, at best, questionable. She refused to sign orders issued by Germans, arguing that they were simply not hers to sign. She was insulted by an order that prohibited sexual relations between her tenants and German troops on the grounds of venereal disease outbreak, since the order implied that Sarkese women consorted with Germans.

On the other hand, it appears that she did not voice objection to a series of antisemitic orders that had been previously issued, and which concerned her Czech Jewish friend Annie Wranowsky.^[12]

Islanders struggled with food shortage in the last months of the occupation. Hathaway organised a raid on German grain stocks and saved many families from starvation with her secret potato hoard.^[2] Sark was liberated on 10 May 1945. Three British officers arrived and, explaining that no British troops were available, asked the Dame to take command of 275 men belonging to the defeated German garrison.^[11][14] She made sure the garrison cleared up the island of land mines.^[2] She was, however, so concerned about the legal status of the decisions she had issued during the war that she sailed to Guernsey to validate them as soon as the island was liberated.^[6] Her experience of the German occupation inspired William Douglas-Home's play The Dame of Sark. Hathaway's manner of receiving Germans has been described as both impressive and overly cordial.^[2]

Postwar years

The Maseline Harbour, regarded by Hathaway as a great success, photographed in 1968

Following the war, Hathaway continued to promote Sark's tourist trade and advocated building a new harbour. In 1949, she and her husband welcomed Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II) and the Duke of Edinburgh, who opened the new harbour. The same year, Hathaway became Officer of the Order of the British Empire.^{[2] [15]}

Sibyl and Robert Hathaway's happy marriage ended with his death in 1954,^[9] six years after the death of her eldest child, Bridget.^[2] Hathaway, a widow once again, regained her complete authority over the island. In 1957, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to Sark; this was the first time a reigning monarch had ever come to the island.

Hathaway rendered homage to the Queen on that occasion – the first time that ceremony was performed on Sark itself.^[2] Her autobiography, Dame of Sark, was published in 1961.^[5]

On the 400th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth I's grant of charter signed in 1565^[16] to Sark's first seigneur, Hellier de Carteret, Hathaway was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire at Buckingham Palace.^[17] She then jokingly referred to herself as a "double dame". However, soon after her quatercentenary, her daughter, Douce Briscoe, died in 1967, having struggled with alcoholism for a long time.

In 1969, Hathaway became increasingly worried by the Royal Commission on the Constitution's intrusion into her affairs. At the same time, she had a sharp dispute with the Chief Pleas, claiming that its members violated the laws they themselves had passed and that their misconduct threatened to make her tourism campaign futile. She shocked the islanders by announcing her intention to resign the charter of the island back to the Crown "in somewhat the same way as the Hereditary le Mesurier Family did in Alderney" and to recommend that the government be taken over by Guernsey. The threat was effective; regulations were suddenly enforced much more strictly. By the beginning of the next year, Hathaway retracted her announcement, having been persuaded "by an enormous number of letters and requests".^[2]

Death

Cyril Beaumont died in 1973, becoming the fifth child Dame Sibyl outlived. Early next year, the 90-year-old gave her approval for the stage presentation of William Douglas-Home's play The Dame of Sark, inspired by her experiences in the Second World War. She looked forward to meeting Celia Johnson, who was to play the title role, but died suddenly at the Seigneurie of a heart attack on 14 July 1974.^[2]

The seigneurship passed from the benevolent dictator,^[11] referred to as a "lady of unusual personality" by a British government official, to her grandson Michael Beaumont.^[18] Sark remained "the last bastion of feudalism", as she proudly put it, until 2008, when universal suffrage and a democratic leadership were established.^[19]

References

1. Stoney, Barbara, "Hathaway [née Collings], Dame Sibyl Mary", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press), retrieved 10 January 2014
2. Marr, James (1984). Guernsey people. Phillimore. pp. 65–67, 72. ISBN 0850335299.
3. "How to Keep the 20th Century Mostly at Bay". Smithsonian. May 1986.
4. Ewen, Alfred Harry; De Carteret, Allan Roper (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. p. 109.
5. Hathaway, Sibyl (1962). Dame of Sark: An Autobiography. 2nd printing. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.
6. Fraser, David (2000). The Jews of the Channel Islands and the Rule of Law, 1940–1945: Quite Contrary to the Principles of British Justice. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1902210484.
7. Wood, Alan; Wood, Mary Seaton (1975). Islands in danger: the story of the German occupation of the Channel Islands, 1940–1945. Elmfield Press.
8. Hathaway Family Association (1970). Hathaways of America. Gazette Print. Co.
9. Commire, Anne (2000). Women in World History. Gale. ISBN 0787640662.
10. Marshall, Michael (1967). Hitler envaded Sark. Paramount-Lithoprint. p. 39.
11. Bunting, Madeleine (1995). The model occupation: the Channel Islands under German rule, 1940–1945. HarperCollins. p. 80.
12. Fraser, David (2000). The Jews of the Channel Islands and the Rule of Law, 1940–1945: Quite Contrary to the Principles of British Justice. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 31, 148. ISBN 1902210484.
13. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society. New Jersey Historical Society. 1948.
14. Cruickshank, Charles (1975). The German Occupation of the Channel Islands.
15. "Award of OBE". Supplement to the London Gazette (38628). 9 June 1949. p. 2805.
16. "A Short History of Sark". La Societe Serequaise. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
17. "Award of CBE". Supplement to the London Gazette (43667). 12 June 1965. p. 5480.
18. "Death of a Dame". Time. 29 July 1974. Nearly all 560 subjects of the medieval fiefdom of Sark gathered last week around a gnarled oak tree in their parish churchyard to mourn Dame Sibyl Mary Collings Beaumont Hathaway, 21st Seigneur of Sark.
19. "Lost world: the last days of feudal Sark". The Independent. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2008.

External links

• Dame of Sark: An Autobiography, 1962 – downloadable at Internet Archive