T. V. Soong

Soong Tse-Ven 宋子文 (T. V. Soong / Paul Soong)
Premier of the Republic of China
In office 25 September 1930 – 4 December 1930
President	Chiang Kai-shek
Preceded by	Tan Yankai
Succeeded by	Chiang Kai-shek
In office 31 May 1945 – 1 March 1947
President	Chiang Kai-shek
Preceded by	Chiang Kai-shek
Succeeded by	Chiang Kai-shek
Personal details
Born	December 4, 1891 Shanghai, Qing Dynasty
Died	April 26, 1971 (aged 79) San Francisco, California, United States
Nationality	Republic of China
Political party	Kuomintang
Spouse(s)	Lo-Yi Chang
Father	Charlie Soong
Alma mater	Harvard University Columbia University
Religion	Methodist

Soong Tse-ven or Soong Tzu-wen (Chinese: 宋子文; pinyin: Sòng Zǐwén; December 4, 1891 – April 26, 1971) was a prominent businessman and politician in the early-20th-century Republic of China. His father was Charlie Soong and his siblings were the Soong sisters. His Christian name was Paul, but he is generally known in English as T. V. Soong. As brother to the three Soong sisters, Soong's brothers-in-law were Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and financier H. H. Kung.

Early life and education

Former residence of T. V. Soong in Nanjing.

Born in Shanghai, T. V. Soong received his education at St. John's University in Shanghai before going on to Harvard University in the United States. After graduating in 1915 with a degree in economics, he worked briefly in New York at the International Banking Corporation and took courses at Columbia University.

Career

Soong at a mosque in Xining, Qinghai.

Upon returning to China he worked for several industrial enterprises, and was then recruited by Sun Yat-sen to develop finances for his Canton government. After the success of Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition in 1927, Soong served in a succession of offices in the Nationalist Government,^[1] including governor of the Central Bank of China (1928–1934) and minister of finance (1928–1933).^[2]

He founded the China Development Finance Corporation (CDFC) in 1934, along with other prominent financial figures, such as Chang Kia-ngau, Chen Guangpu and H.H. Kung. CDFC provided China’s chief access to foreign investment for the next decade. In summer of 1940, Chiang appointed Soong to Washington as his personal representative. His task was to win support for China’s war with Japan. Soong successfully negotiated substantial loans for this purpose. Also, while in Washington in 1940, Soong managed to prevail upon President Roosevelt and his administration to back the plan of then-retired U.S. Col. Claire Lee Chennault to firebomb Japanese cities with Boeing B-17 bombers painted with Chinese Air Force markings and flown by American pilots from airbases in China, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. A scant month before the Pearl Harbor attack, the plan was scotched by U.S. Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. After Pearl Harbor, Chiang appointed Soong Minister of Foreign Affairs, though Soong remained in Washington to manage the alliance with both the U.S. and the U.K.

During his tenure as Finance Minister, he managed to balance China's budget, no small accomplishment. He resigned in 1933, displeased with Chiang Kai-shek's appeasement of Japan and attempts to placate Japanese aggression.^[3] He later returned to service as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1942–1945), and as President of the Executive Yuan (1945–1947). Soong left his legacy as head of the Chinese delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, April 1945, which later became the United Nations.

Soong was in charge of negotiating with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin regarding Soviet interests in China, travelling to Moscow and trying to extract from Stalin a guarantee to oppose the Chinese Communist Party. Soong conceded to Stalin the Manchurian railways and Korean independence, but refused to allow Russian interference in Xinjiang or Russian military bases in Manchuria; he also indicated that China and the Soviet Union could share dominion over Mongolia if a "mutual assistance pact" was agreed to.^[4] Soong was known for his tough negotiating style with Stalin, getting straight to the point and freely using the threat of American military backing to strengthen his demands. When the Sino-Soviet treaty was signed, China ceded to Russia parts of Mongolia, use of a naval base at Port Arthur (with civilian rule remaining Chinese), and co-ownership of the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria.^[5] In return, Soong extracted from Stalin recognition of the Republic of China as the legitimate regime of China, aid from the Soviets, and oral agreement to an eventual Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria.^[6] The treaty failed to end tension in China with the communists, resulting in renewed fighting in the Chinese Civil War.^[7] Stalin had previously told the Americans that President Roosevelt should inform Chiang Kai-shek of the Russian demands in Manchuria, at the Yalta Conference, before Stalin informed Soong.^[8]

During the war years, he financed the "Flying Tigers"—the American Mercenary Group that later was incorporated into the United States Air Force. Gen. Claire Chennault was listed as an employee of Bank of China. On this project he worked very closely with his sister, Madame Chiang Kai-shek (May-ling Soong). He once remarked to John Paton Davies, Jr., one of the China Hands, that there were no U.S.State Department memos sent from China that he did not have access to within a few days.^[9][10]

Death

With the defeat of the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War, he moved to New York and lived there until his death while on a business trip to San Francisco at the age of 79. He remained an influential member of the China Lobby.^[11]

Soong was married to Lo-Yi Chang (張樂怡 Zhāng Lèyí).

See also

• History of the Republic of China

References

Notes

1. "Soong, T.V.," Boorman Vol 3, p. 149.
2. "Foreign News: Chiang's Cabinet". Time. October 29, 1928. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
3. "CHINA: Soong Out". Time. November 6, 1933. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
4. "CHINA: Top Secret". Time. July 30, 1945. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
5. "THE NATIONS: Light in the East". Time. September 3, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
6. "THE NATIONS: Light in the East". Time. September 3, 1945. p. 2. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
7. "Foreign News: REPORT ON CHINA". Time. November 19, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
8. "HISTORICAL NOTES: We Believed in Our Hearts". Time. September 13, 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
9. John P. Davies, Dragon by the Tail, p.266.
10. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, p. 241.
11. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, p. 317.

Bibliography

• Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0052-4.
• Boorman, Howard (1967). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08957-0.

Seagrave, Sterling (April 19, 1986). The Soong Dynasty. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-091318-5.

External links

• T.V. Soong Papers at the Hoover Institution Archives