Talpiot Tomb

An image of the chevron-adorned entrance to the Talpiot Tomb, as it was unearthed in 1980.
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The Talpiot Tomb (or Talpiyot Tomb) is a rock-cut tomb discovered in 1980 in the East Talpiot neighborhood, five kilometers south of the Old City in East Jerusalem. It contained ten ossuaries, six inscribed with epigraphs, including one interpreted as "Yeshua bar Yehosef" ("Jesus, son of Joseph"), though the inscription is partially illegible, and its translation and interpretation is widely disputed.[1] The tomb also yielded various human remains and several carvings.

The Talpiot discovery was documented in 1994 in "Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel" numbers 701-709, and first discussed in the media in the United Kingdom during March/April 1996.[2] Later that year an article describing the find was published in volume 29 of Atiqot, the journal of the Israel Antiquities Authority. A controversial documentary film, The Lost Tomb of Jesus, was produced in 2007 by director James Cameron and investigative journalist Simcha Jacobovici, and was released in conjunction with a book by Jacobovici and Charles Pellegrino titled The Jesus Family Tomb. The book and film make the case that the Talpiot Tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth, members of his extended family, and several other figures from the New Testament—and, by inference, that Jesus had not risen from the dead as the New Testament describes. This conclusion is disputed by many archaeologists, theologians, and linguistic and biblical scholars.[1][3]

History

The archaeological team that excavated the tomb in 1980 determined it to be from the Second Temple-Herodian period,[4] which lasted from about 538 BC to AD 70. Typical of the area, a tomb of this type would be assumed to have belonged to a wealthy Jewish family. About 900 similar tombs have been unearthed in the same area.[3]

Discovery and excavation

A concrete slab covers the tomb

The tomb was discovered on March 28, 1980, by construction workers laying the foundations for an apartment complex,[5] when preparatory demolition work accidentally uncovered the tomb's entrance. The site was visited the next day by Amos Kloner, the area supervisor for the Israel Department of Antiquities (IDA, now the Israel Antiquities Authority, or IAA.) Kloner drew up a set of preliminary sketches and requested a permit for a salvage dig to be directed by Yosef Gat. The permit was issued Monday, March 31, but work actually began the day before.[5] Although it has been said that the team was given only three days to complete the work,[6] Gat's notes indicate that the work proceeded "intermittently" until its official end on April 11, with most of the work completed within the first two days.

Construction of the apartment buildings was completed in 1982. The children of Tova Bracha, a local resident, managed to get into the tomb and play inside. Bracha notified the authorities, who sealed the entrance for safety reasons.[7] The children found some discarded Jewish religious texts that had been placed in the tomb, which was being used as a genizah.

The tomb, which is not open to the public, is located in a courtyard on Dov Gruner Street, down a flight of stairs at the corner of Olei Hagardom and Avshalom Haviv Streets.[8] It was reopened in 2005 by Jacobovici, without permission from the Antiques Authority, during filming of his documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus, and resealed by officials shortly thereafter. In 2008 Ruth Gat, the widow of the archaeologist who supervised the original excavation, claimed that her husband kept the discovery a secret until the mid-1990s because he feared a wave of antisemitism would ensue if the tomb's existence was made public.[9]

Layout

The tomb is carved from the solid limestone bedrock.[10] Within are six kokhim, or burial shafts and two arcosolia, or arched shelves where a body could be laid out for entombment. The ossuaries were found within the shafts.[5]

Artifacts

Ossuary of Jesus son of Joseph. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Ossuary of Judah son of Jesus. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

Ossuaries

Ten limestone[10] ossuaries were found, with six of them bearing epigraphs[3] although only four of them were recognized as such in the field.[5] The archaeological team determined the ossuaries to be of little note, and delivered them to the Rockefeller Museum for analysis and storage.

According to Jacobovici, Cameron, and religious studies professor James Tabor, one of the unmarked ossuaries later disappeared when it was stored in a courtyard outside the museum.[5] This claim has been criticized by both Joe Zias, former curator of the museum, and Kloner.[11]

Each of the ten ossuaries contained human remains, said to be in an "advanced state of deterioration" by Amos Kloner.[5] The tomb may have been multi-generational, with several generations of bones stored in each ossuary, but no record was kept of their contents[12] and no analysis appears to have been done to determine how many individuals were represented by the bones found.[5] In addition, three skulls were found on the floor of the tomb below the 0.5 metre fill layer,[6] and crushed bones were found in the fill upon the arcosolia.[5] The scattering of these bones below the fill indicated that the tomb had been disturbed in antiquity.[12] All the bones were eventually turned over to religious authorities for burial.[5][12]

Symbols

A chevron and circle pattern is visible above the entrance of the tomb.

Media coverage

The BBC first aired a documentary on the Talpiot Tomb in 1996 as part of its Heart of the Matter news magazine.[6] At that time, Amos Kloner, the first archaeologist to examine the site said the claims of a connection to Jesus did not hold up archaeologically, adding "They just want to get money for it." Others were similarly skeptical, although another of the archaeologists who discovered the tomb admitted "I'm willing to accept the possibility."[13]

2008 Princeton Symposium

Following a symposium ("Third Princeton Theological Seminary Symposium on Jewish Views of the Afterlife and Burial Practices in Second Temple Judaism: Evaluating the Talpiot Tomb in Context") held in Jerusalem in January 2008, the media interest in the Talpiot tomb was reignited with most notably Time[14] and CNN[15] devoting extensive coverage, hailing the case as being reopened. In particular Simcha Jacobovici is reported to have issued statements to the press saying the symposium has reopened the case and that he felt "totally vindicated".[16] Jacobovici has denied making any such press release.[17]

It was during this symposium that Ruth Gat, while accepting a posthumous award for Yosef Gat, announced: "My husband, the lead archaeologist of the East Talpiot tomb in southern Jerusalem, believed that the tomb he excavated in 1980 was, indeed, the tomb of Jesus of Nazareth and his family."[18]

Following the media's portrayal scholars present at the symposium accused Simcha Jacobovici and James Cameron of misleading the media in claiming the symposium reopened their theory as viable. Several scholars, including significantly all of the archaeologists and epigraphers, who had delivered papers at the symposium issued an open letter of complaint claiming misrepresentation, saying that Jacobovici and Cameron's claims of support from the symposium are "nothing further from the truth" and also "that the majority of scholars in attendance – including all of the archaeologists and epigraphers who presented papers relating to the tomb - either reject the identification of the Talpiot tomb as belonging to Jesus’ family or find this claim highly speculative".[19]

The list of scholars who signed the open letter of criticism included:

Joe Zias, Senior Curator of Archaeology/Anthropology for the Israel Antiquities Authority 1972-1997, cited a leaked memo issued from James Tabor before the symposium as proof of "outside intervention by Simcha and Tabor in order to distort the agenda and skew the proceedings in a way that was favorable to their pre-conceived plan". Géza Vermes issued a statement saying that the arguments for the Talpiot tomb are not "just unconvincing but insignificant".[20] That "Discounting a handful, headed by James Tabor and Simcha Jacobovici, the maker of the documentary, The Lost Tomb of Jesus, most of the fifty or so participants shared this opinion".

Princeton Theological Seminary issued a letter following the controversy and reiterated concerns that:

"the press following the symposium gave almost the exact opposite impression (of the symposium's results), stating, instead, that the conference proceedings gave credence to the identification of the Talpiot tomb with a putative family tomb of Jesus of Nazareth. As is abundantly clear from the statements to the contrary that have been issued since the symposium by many of the participants, such representations are patently false and blatantly misrepresent the spirit and scholarly content of the deliberations."[20]

The proceedings of the symposium will be edited by James Charlesworth and published.[21]

An edition of the scientific journal Near Eastern Archaeology (Vol. 69, Iss. 3/4, Sep-Dec 2006), published by The American Schools of Oriental Research contains several articles concerning the Talpiot Tomb, including an overview over the controversy.

The Lost Tomb of Jesus and The Jesus Family Tomb

The Lost Tomb of Jesus premiered on The Discovery Channel on March 4, 2007, timed to coordinate with publication of Jacobovici's book The Jesus Family Tomb.

Jacobovici argues that the bones of Jesus, Mary and Mary Magdalene, along with those of some of their relatives, were once entombed in this cave, working with statisticians, archaeologists, historians, DNA experts, robot-camera technicians, epigraphers and a forensic expert to argue his case.[22]

Israeli archaeologist Amos Kloner, who was among the first to examine the tomb when it was first discovered, said the names marked on the coffins were very common at the time. "I don't accept the news that it was used by Jesus or his family," he told the BBC News website. "The documentary filmmakers are using it to sell their film."[23]

In 2011, Tabor and Jacobovici examined (although without fully excavating) the previously unexcavated 1st-century Jewish tomb next to the alleged 'Jesus Family tomb'. The results of that examination have not yet been released. Tabor indicated that they would be released at a press conference in November 2011, and in a forthcoming book.

Statistical analysis

A central question has regarded the probability that a tomb might contain the specific group of names as the Talpiot Tomb. Experts such as Richard Bauckham,[24] David Mavorah[25] and Amos Kloner[25] have asserted the commonness of archaeological inscriptions bearing the name "Jesus". Paul Maier, professor of ancient history at Western Michigan University, notes that there were at least 21 "Yeshuas" or Jesuses famous enough to be included in the histories of Josephus.[26] For their part, the filmmakers present a statistical study conducted by Andrey Feuerverger, professor of statistics and mathematics at the University of Toronto, which concluded that while the names are not uncommon, the conservative odds that such names would be found together in any one tomb around are (depending on variables) from 600 to 1[27] to 1,000,000 to 1 in favor of its being authentic.[28]

However, Feuerverger later said, "It is not in the purview of statistics to conclude whether or not this tombsite is that of the New Testament family. Any such conclusion much more rightfully belongs to the purview of biblical historical scholars who are in a much better position to assess the assumptions entering into the computations. The role of statistics here is primarily to attempt to assess the odds of an equally (or more) 'compelling' cluster of names arising purely by chance under certain random sampling assumptions and under certain historical assumptions. In this respect I now believe that I should not assert any conclusions connecting this tomb with any hypothetical one of the NT family."[29] Feuerverger's assessment was based on several assumptions:

Support for these assumptions comes, according to the documentary, from the following claims:[6]

Further information regarding the methodology was published in the Annals of Applied Statistics.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

According to geologist Aryeh Shimron the tomb could be authentic and linked to the James Ossuary.[40] He believes that the tomb is the tomb of the family of Jesus - Jesus, Mary Magdalene and their son Judah.[41]

On February 25, 2007, Feuerverger conducted a statistical calculation on the name cluster as part of The Lost Tomb of Jesus. He concluded that the odds are at least 600 to 1 that the combination of names appeared in the tomb by chance. The methodology of this study has been submitted to a journal, but in the meantime a summary can be found on the Discovery Channel[27][42] and documentary[43] websites. A more detailed explanation of the statistical approach can be found also on Feuerverger's website[44] as well as in a recent interview given to Scientific American.[45] The frequency distribution for names prevalent during the period of time during which ossuary burials took place was inferred by studying two key sources:

According to Prof. Feuerverger, the goal of the statistical analysis is to assess the probability level of a null hypothesis:[44]

A 'null hypothesis' can be thought of here as asserting that this cluster of names arose purely by chance under random sampling from the onomasticon. The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of this, in some sense. It is not in the purview of statistics to conclude whether or not this tombsite is that of the New Testament family.

Feuerverger multiplied the instances that each name appeared during the tomb's time period with the instances of every other name. He initially found "Jesus Son of Joseph" appeared once out of 190 times, Mariamne appeared once out of 160 times and so on:

Jesus son of JosephMariamneYosahMariaProduct
1/1901/1601/201/4date=1/2,432,000
0.53%0.625%5%25%

He next divided 2,432,000 by 4 to account for bias in the historical record and further divided that result (608,000) by 1,000 to attempt to account for the number of explored tombs from first century Jerusalem.[48][49]

Feuerverger's conclusions have been called into question:

Stephan Pfann (president of Jerusalem's University of the Holy Land) points out that the commonality of these names suggests that the probability is much lower. "Remarkably, a mere 16 of the 72 personal names [found on ossuaries] account for 75% of the inscribed names." Among these "top 16" names are Mary, Joseph, Jesus, Matthew, and Judas (and variations thereof)[53]

Between the submission of Feuerverger's paper to a journal and its publication, François Bovon noted that he had not made the statement about the name Mariamne which had been ascribed to him by Jacobovici and conveyed to Feuerverger.[39] Specifically, although Feuerverger had factored into his calculations the understanding that Bovon had identified Mariamne as the most likely name of Mary Magdalene, Bovon did not hold that belief.[39] Feuerverger noted in his rejoinder to comments that this false understanding so perturbed his calculation that

"this means that we cannot (on the basis of our RR procedure) say that the Talpiyot find is statistically significant in any meaningful way".[39]

Richard Bauckham (Professor of New Testament Studies and Bishop Wardlaw Professor at St Andrews) compiled the following data to show just how common the names on these ossuaries are:[54]

"Out of a total number of 2625 males, these are the figures for the ten most popular male names among Palestinian Jews. The first figure is the total number of occurrences (from this number, with 2625 as the total for all names, you could calculate percentages), while the second is the number of occurrences specifically on ossuaries."
RankNameTotal referencesFound on ossuariesPercent of total references (2625)
1Simon/Simeon243599.3%
2Joseph218458.3%
3Eleazar166296.3%
4Judah164446.2%
5John/Yohanan122254.6%
6Jesus99223.8%
7Hananiah82183.1%
8Jonathan71142.7%
9Matthew62172.4%
10Manaen/Menahem4241.6%
"For women, there are a total of 328 occurrences (women's names are much less often recorded than men's), and figures for the four most popular names are thus:"
RankNameTotal referencesFound on ossuariesPercent of total references (328)
1Mary/Mariamne704221.3%
2Salome584117.7%
3Shelamzion24197.3%
4Martha20176.1%

Colin Aitken, a professor of forensic statistics at Edinburgh University, stated that the study is based on a number of assumptions, and that, "even if we accept the assumptions, 600 to one is certainly not the odds in favour of this tomb being Jesus",[55] meaning that even if it were true that to find this cluster of names is very unlikely, it does not follow that therefore this is probably the tomb of the family of Jesus. Peter Lampe, professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Heidelberg and working in archaeology, pointed out that in the 120s/130s C.E. in the port town of Maoza at the southern end of the Dead Sea, one Jewish household comprised the following names: Jesus, Simon, Mariame, Jacobus and Judah (Papyri Babatha 17 from 128 C.E.; 25-26 and 34 from 131 C.E.). These people had nothing to do with the New Testament or the Talpiyot tomb. "According to the rationale of the filmmakers, these people should not have existed."[56]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Heiser, Michael. "Evidence Real and Imagined: Thinking Clearly About the "Jesus Family Tomb"" (PDF). pp. 9–13. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  2. ↑ "The Times Tomb Story".
  3. 1 2 3 Milstein, Mati (2007-02-28). "Jesus' tomb claim slammed by scholars". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  4. ↑ Holy Bible - Revised Standard Version, Dictionary p.30 (Melton Book Co., 1971)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tabor, James (2007-03-27). "A Passover in 1980". The Jesus Dynasty Blog. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Laidlaw, Stuart (2007-02-26). "Jesus tomb claim sparks furor". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  7. ↑ Paz, Shelly (February 27, 2007). "E. Talpiot residents adjust to possibility they're Jesus's neighbors". Jerusalem Post.
  8. ↑ Gordon, Nehemia. "The Tomb of Yeshua son of Joseph in "East Talpiot"". Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  9. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (January 17, 2008). "Widow: Archeologist Kept 'Jesus Tomb' Discovery Secret for Fear of anti-Semitism". Haaretz.
  10. 1 2 Nissenbaum, Dion (2007-02-27). "'Lost Tomb' documentary jeered". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  11. ↑ Zias, Joe (March 2007). "Viewers Guide to Understanding the Talpiot Tomb ‘documentary’ to be aired on the Discovery Channel". Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  12. 1 2 3 Nathan, Peter (March 2, 2007). "A Critical Look Inside the Jesus Tomb". Vision Media.
  13. ↑ "Clergy, scholars assail tomb of Jesus film". The Courier-Journal. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  14. ↑ "Jesus 'Tomb' Controversy Reopened". Time. 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  15. ↑ "CNN.com Video". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  16. ↑ Princeton Conference Vindicates Associated Producers James Cameron and Simcha Jacobovici on "Lost Tomb of Jesus"
  17. ↑ http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jesus-tomb-11.asp
  18. ↑ http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Princeton-Conference-Vindicates-Associated-Producers-James-Cameron-Simcha-Jacobovici-811301.htm
  19. ↑ Duke University Religion Department: The Talpiot Tomb Controversy Revisited
  20. 1 2 2007 Alumni/ae Reunion
  21. ↑ J. H. Charlesworth, Rebutting Sensational Claims Concerning a Symposium in Jerusalem
  22. ↑ Rollston, Christopher A. (March 2007). "Prosopography and the Talpiyot Yeshua Family Tomb: Pensées of a Palaeographer". SBL Forum.
  23. ↑ Jesus tomb found, says film-maker, BBC News. Retrieved 2010-04-13/
  24. ↑ "Hollywood Hype: The Oscars and Jesus' Family Tomb, What Do They Share? (expanded version)". 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  25. 1 2 Pilkington, Ed; McCarthy, Rory (2007-02-27). "Is this really the last resting place of Jesus, Mary Magdalene—and their son?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  26. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (2007-02-28). "Documentary examines supposed remains of Jesus and his family". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  27. 1 2 Viegas, Jennifer (2007-02-25). "Jesus Family Tomb Believed Found". Discovery Channel. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  28. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (2007-02-28). "Documentary examines supposed remains of Jesus". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  29. ↑ magicstatistics.com
  30. ↑ Feuerverger, Andrey (2008). "Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 3–54. arXiv:0804.0079. Bibcode:2008arXiv0804.0079F. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99.
  31. ↑ Stigler, Stephen M. (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 55–6. arXiv:0804.0080. Bibcode:2008arXiv0804.0080S. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99A.
  32. ↑ Fuchs, Camil (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99D.
  33. ↑ Bentley, Donald L. (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archaeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99E.
  34. ↑ Bird, Sheila M. (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find—skeptical counting challenges to an archaeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 74–6. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99H.
  35. ↑ Höfling, Holger; Wasserman, Larry (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99C.
  36. ↑ Ingermanson, Randall (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archaeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 84–90. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99G.
  37. ↑ Mortera, J.; Vicard, P. (2008). "Discussion of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 91–96. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99F.
  38. ↑ Kadane, Joseph B. (2008). "Discussion of: Bayesian views of an archaeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 97–8. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99B.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Feuerverger, Andrey (2008). "Rejoinder of: Statistical analysis of an archeological find". The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1214/08-AOAS99REJ.
  40. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (April 4, 2015). "Findings Reignite Debate on Claim of Jesus' Bones". The New York Times.
  41. ↑ Withnall, Adam (7 April 2015). "The lost tomb of Jesus? Scientist claims he has 'virtually unequivocal evidence' that could help explain the whereabouts of Christ's remains". The Independent. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  42. ↑ Lost Tomb of Jesus : Explore the Tomb : Discovery Channel
  43. ↑ The Jesus Family Tomb: Probability & the "Jesus Equation"
  44. 1 2 http://fisher.utstat.toronto.edu/andrey/OfficeHrs.txt
  45. ↑ Mims, Christopher (March 2, 2007). "Q&A With the Statistician Who Calculated the Odds That This Tomb Belonged to Jesus". Scientific American.
  46. ↑ L. Rahmani, A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel, (IAA/Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994)
  47. ↑ Ilan, Tal. 2002. LEXICON OF JEWISH NAMES IN LATE ANTIQUITY: PART I, PALESTINE 330 BCE-200 CE. Tubingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.
  48. ↑ prnewswire.com
  49. ↑ fisher.utstat.toronto.edu
  50. ↑ NT Gateway Weblog
  51. ↑ NT Gateway Weblog
  52. ↑ Kloner, Amos (2007-02-27). "Archaeologist Amos Kloner Doesn't Buy The Jesus Christ's Coffin Story".
  53. ↑ Pfann, Stephen. "The Improper Application of Statistics in "The Lost Tomb of Jesus"". Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  54. ↑ Witherington, Ben (2007-02-26). "The Jesus Tomb? 'Titanic' Talpiot Tomb Theory Sunk from the Start". Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  55. ↑ theherald.co.uk
  56. ↑ Peter Lampe, “MEXPI THC CHMEPON: A New Edition of Matthew 27:64b; 28:13 in Today’s Pop Science and a Salty Breeze from the Dead Sea,” Neutestamentliche Exegese im Dialog: Hermeneutik – Wirkungsgeschichte – Matthäusevangelium (eds. Peter Lampe, Moisés Mayordomo, Migaku Sato; Festschrift Ulrich Luz; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 2008), 355-366 (with further arguments against the Jesus family tomb theory).

Further reading

External links

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