Telephone magneto

Telephone magneto viewed from beneath shows the armature (inset, left) and the horseshoe field magnets, and the gears to drive the rotor

A telephone magneto is a hand-cranked electrical generator that uses permanent magnets to produce alternating current from the rotating armature. In early telegraphy, magnetos were used to power instruments, while in telephony they were used to generate electrical current to drive electromechanical ringers in telephone sets and on operator consoles.

Telegraphy

Telegraphy pre-dated telephony and magnetos were used to drive some of the early printing telegraph instruments. Manual telegraphy with keys and reception by either a needle instrument or a syphon recorder could be powered by batteries. The later automatic and printing instruments, such as the Wheatstone ABC telegraph, required greater currents^[1] that could be delivered by a hand-cranked magneto. A hand-crank was used to rotate a belt drive that increases the rotational speed of an armature with a pair of coils between the poles of a stationary horseshoe magnet.

Telephony

Ericsson Dachshund telephone of 1892 featuring an integrated magneto driven by the handle on the right. The legs of this instrument are actually the permanent magnets for the magneto.

Many early manual telephones had an attached hand-cranked magneto that produced an alternating current (AC) at 50-100V for signaling to ring the bells of other telephones on the same (party) line and to alert an operator at the local telephone exchange. These were most common on long rural lines served by small manual exchanges which did not use a common battery circuit. The telephone instrument contained a local battery, consisting of two large "No. 6" zinc-carbon dry cells, to provide the necessary current for the transmitter. By around 1900, large racks of motor-generator sets in the telephone exchange could supply this ringing current remotely instead and the local magneto was often no longer required, ^[2] but their use continued in to the mid-20th century.

Telephone magnetos featured a large gear rotated by hand with a handle, that drove a much smaller gear on the armature rotor, providing a high gear-ratio to increase the rotational speed of the magneto armature. A mechanical switch on the output terminals engaged only when the rotor was turning, so that the magneto was normally disconnected from the telephone circuitry.

Ringing current magnetos were used in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) as late as the 1980s, when they were still used with private manual branch exchanges (PMBX) (a small business switchboard, worked by operators). Rather than have a motor generator set for such a small installation, which generated noise and required maintenance, these systems used a hand magneto. Unlike on the public telephone network, which has a standard ringing cadence (the repeating pattern of ringing and silence), the ringing cadence on a PMBX depended upon the skill of the operator. When ringing local extensions, some switchboard operators used local codes of ringing to indicate internal, external or urgent calls.

Linesman's test sets also included a magneto, for use when ringing out to either the exchange or the subscriber, from anywhere along the line. Their use extended into the 1980s.

See also

• Magneto
• Ringer box

References

1. Kennedy, Rankin (1903). Syphon Recorders. Electrical Installations. Vol. V (1903 five-volume ed.). London: Caxton. pp. 64–65.
2. Kennedy, Electrical Installations, 1903, pp. 123, facing 128