Tension myositis syndrome

Tension myositis syndrome (TMS), also known as tension myoneural syndrome, is a name given by John E. Sarno to a condition he describes as characterized by psychogenic musculoskeletal and nerve symptoms, most notably back pain.[1][2][3] Sarno, a Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine at New York University School of Medicine and Attending Physician at The Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York University Medical Center, has described TMS in four books,[4][5][6][7] and has stated that the condition may be involved in other pain disorders as well.[2] The treatment protocol for TMS includes education, writing about emotional issues, resumption of a normal lifestyle and, for some patients, support meetings and/or psychotherapy.[1][8] In 2007, David Schechter (a medical doctor and former student and research assistant of Sarno's) published a peer-reviewed study of TMS treatment showing a 54% success rate for chronic back pain. In terms of statistical significance and success rate, the study outperformed similar studies of other psychological interventions for chronic back pain.[1]

The TMS diagnosis and treatment protocol are not accepted by the mainstream medical community.[9][10] However, TMS and Sarno's treatment methods have received national attention, including a segment on ABC's 20/20;[10] an episode of Larry King Live;[11] an interview with Medscape;[2] and articles in Newsweek,[12] The Seattle Times,[13] and The New York Times.[9] Prominent medical doctors who support TMS treatment include Andrew Weil[14][15] and Mehmet Oz.[16] Notable patients treated for tension myositis syndrome include Senator Tom Harkin, John Stossel,[3] Howard Stern,[17] and Anne Bancroft.[9]

Symptoms

Back pain is frequently mentioned as a TMS symptom,[1][18][19][8] but Sarno defines TMS symptoms much more broadly than that:

Diagnosis

Below is a list of criteria for diagnosing TMS, according to Schechter and Sarno:

Schechter and Sarno state that if a patient is unable to visit a medical doctor who is trained in TMS, then the patient should see a traditional medical doctor to rule out serious disorders, such as fractures, tumors and infections.[13][20]

Treatment

Treatment protocol

The treatment protocol for TMS includes education, writing about emotional issues and resumption of a normal lifestyle. For patients who do not recover quickly, the protocol also includes support groups and/or psychotherapy.[1][8]

Sarno's protocol for treatment of TMS is used by the Harvard RSI Action Group, a student volunteer organization, as part of their preventative education and support program for people with repetitive strain injury, also referred to as "RSI".[21]

Education

Education may take the form of office visits, lectures and written and audio materials. The content of the education includes the psychological and physiological aspects of TMS.[1][8] According to Schechter, the education allows the patients to "learn that their physical condition is actually benign and that any disability they have is a function of pain-related fear and deconditioning, not the actual risk of further 're-injury.'"[1]

Writing about emotional issues

Sarno states that each patient should set aside time daily to think and write about issues that could have led to the patient's repressed emotions. He recommends the following two writing tasks:

Schechter developed a 30-day daily journal called "The MindBody Workbook" to assist the patient in recording emotionally significant events and making correlations between those events and their physical symptoms. According to Sarno and Schechter, daily repetition of the psychological process over time defeats the repression through conscious awareness.[22]

Resumption of a normal lifestyle

To return to a normal lifestyle, patients are told to take the following actions:

Support meetings

Sarno uses support meetings for patients who do not make a prompt recovery. Sarno states that the support meetings (a) allow the patients to explore emotional issues that may be causing their symptoms and (b) review concepts covered during the earlier education.[8]

Psychotherapy

Sarno says that about 20% of his patients need psychotherapy. He states that he uses "short-term, dynamic, analytically oriented psychotherapy."[8] Schechter says that he uses psychotherapy for about 30% of his patients, and that six to ten sessions are needed per patient.[1]

Recovery Program

Alan Gordon, LCSW has created a TMS recovery program on the TMS Wiki, which includes various articles, exercises, and segments from sessions exemplifying therapeutic concepts.

Medical evidence

While psychogenic pain and pain disorder are accepted diagnoses in the medical community, the TMS modality is more controversial.

A non-peer-reviewed 2005 study by Schechter at the Seligman Medical Institute (SMI), co-authored with institute director Arthur Smith, found that treatment of TMS achieved a 57% success rate among patients with chronic back pain.[23]

A peer-reviewed[24] 2007 study with Schechter, Smith and Stanley Azen, Professor and Co-Director of Biostatistics in the Department of Preventative Medicine at the USC Keck School of Medicine, found a 54% success rate for treatment of TMS (P<.00001). The treatment consisted of office visits, at-home educational materials, writing about emotional issues and psychotherapy. The average pain duration for the study's patients was 9 years. Patients with less than 6 months of back pain were excluded to "control for the confounder that most back pain episodes typically resolve on their own in a few weeks."[1]

Schechter, Smith and Azen also compared their results to the results of three studies of other psychological treatments for chronic back pain. The three non-TMS studies were selected because of (a) their quality, as judged by the Cochrane Collaboration, and (b) the similarity of their pain measurements to those used in the TMS study. Of the three non-TMS studies, only one (the Turner study) showed a statistically significant improvement. Compared to the 2007 TMS study, the Turner study had a lower success rate (26%-35%, depending on the type of psychological treatment) and a lower level of statistical significance (P<.05).[1]

Schechter, et al. state that one advantage of TMS treatment is that it avoids the risks associated with surgery and medication, but they caution that the risks of TMS treatment are somewhat unknown due to the relatively low number of patients studied so far.[1]

Theory

According to Sarno, TMS is a condition in which unconscious emotional issues (primarily rage) initiate a process that causes physical pain and other symptoms. His theory suggests that the unconscious mind uses the autonomic nervous system to decreases blood flow to muscles, nerves or tendons, resulting in oxygen deprivation, experienced as pain in the affected tissues.[2][8][25] Sarno theorizes that because patients often report that back pain seems to move around, up and down the spine, or from side to side, that this implies the pain may not be caused by a physical deformity or injury.[7]

Sarno states that the underlying cause of the pain is the mind's defense mechanism against unconscious mental stress and emotions such as anger, anxiety and narcissistic rage. The conscious mind is distracted by the physical pain, as the psychological repression process keeps the anger/rage contained in the unconscious and thereby prevented from entering conscious awareness.[19][26] Sarno believes that when patients recognize that the symptoms are only a distraction, the symptoms then serve no purpose, and they go away. TMS can be considered a psychosomatic condition and has been referred to as a "distraction pain syndrome".[20]

Sarno is a vocal critic of conventional medicine with regard to diagnosis and treatment of back pain, which is often treated by rest, physical therapy, exercise and/or surgery.[5]

Notable patients

Notable patients who have been treated for TMS include the following:

Controversy

The TMS diagnosis and treatment protocol are not accepted by the mainstream medical community.[9][10] Sarno himself stated in a 2004 interview with Medscape Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine that "99.999% of the medical profession does not accept this diagnosis."[2] Although the vast majority of medical doctors do not accept TMS, there are prominent doctors who do. Andrew Weil, a notable medical doctor and alternative medicine proponent, endorses TMS treatment for back pain.[14][15] Mehmet Oz, a television personality and Professor of Surgery at Columbia University, includes TMS treatment in his four recommendations for treating back pain.[16] Richard E. Sall, a medical doctor who authored a book on worker's compensation, includes TMS in a list of conditions he considers possible causes of back pain resulting in missed work days that increase the costs of worker's compensation programs.[29]

Critics in mainstream medicine state that neither the theory of TMS nor the effectiveness of the treatment has been proven in a properly controlled clinical trial,[6] citing the placebo effect and regression to the mean as possible explanations for its success. Patients typically see their doctor when the pain is at its worst and pain chart scores statistically improve over time even if left untreated; most people recover from an episode of back pain within weeks without any medical intervention at all.[30] The TMS theory has also been criticized as too simplistic to account for the complexity of pain syndromes.[10] James Rainville, a medical doctor at New England Baptist Hospital, said that while TMS treatment works for some patients, Sarno mistakenly uses the TMS diagnosis for other patients who have real physical problems.[31]

Sarno responds that he has had success with many patients who have exhausted every other means of treatment, which he says is proof that regression to the mean is not the cause.[10]

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Schechter D, Smith AP, Beck J, Roach J, Karim R, Azen S (2007). "Outcomes of a Mind-Body Treatment Program for Chronic Back Pain with No Distinct Structural Pathology-A Case Series of Patients Diagnosed and Treated as Tension Myositis Syndrome". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 13 (5): 26–35. PMID 17900039.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wysong, Pippa (2004-07-06). "An Expert Interview With Dr. John Sarno, Part I: Back Pain Is a State of Mind". Medscape Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  3. 1 2 3 McGrath, Mike (2004-11-03). "When Back Pain Starts in Your Head: Is repressed anger causing your back pain?". Prevention.com. Rodale Inc. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
  4. ↑ Sarno, John E. (1982). Mind Over Back Pain. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-08741-7.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Sarno, John E. (1991). Healing Back Pain: The Mind-Body Connection. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-39230-8.
  6. 1 2 3 Sarno, John E. (2006). The Divided Mind: The Epidemic of Mindbody Disorders. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085178-3.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Sarno, John E. (1998). The Mindbody Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-52076-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rashbaum IG, Sarno JE (2003). "Psychosomatic concepts in chronic pain". Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 84 (3 Suppl 1): S76–80; quiz S81–2. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50144. PMID 12708562.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Neporent, Liz (17 February 1999). "Straightening Out Back Pain". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Dr. Sarno's Cure". 20/20. 1999-07-25. ABC.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "How Can Chronic Back Pain Be Cured?". Larry King Livehttp://www.tarpityoga.com/larryking.html |transcripturl= missing title (help). 1999-08-12. CNN.
  12. ↑ Kalb, Claudia (26 April 2004). "The Great Back Debate – Page 3: Alternative and Complementary Therapies Offer New Hope". Newsweek.
  13. 1 2 Martin, Molly (23 July 2000). "Minding the Back". The Seattle Times.
  14. 1 2 Weil, Andrew. "Help for an Aching Back?". Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  15. 1 2 Weil, Andrew (1996). Spontaneous Healing: How to Discover and Enhance Your Body's Natural Ability to Maintain and Heal Itself. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-449-91064-4.
  16. 1 2 Oz, Mehmet (2009-09-15). "4 Treatments for Low Back Pain". Oprah.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  17. 1 2 3 Sarno, John E. (1998). The Mindbody Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain. Warner Books. back cover. ISBN 0-446-52076-4.
  18. ↑ Greenberg, Jerome (2000-02-01). "Back Pain: An Unconventional Approach". Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare. UCLA Department of Medicine. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  19. 1 2 Coen SJ, Sarno JE (1989). "Psychosomatic avoidance of conflict in back pain". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 17 (3): 359–76. PMID 2530198.
  20. 1 2 3 Schechter D, Smith AP. (2005). "Back pain as a distraction pain syndrome (DPS): A window to a whole new dynamic in integrative medicine". Evidence Based Integrative Medicine 2 (1): 3–8. doi:10.2165/01197065-200502010-00002.
  21. ↑ Harvard RSI Action Group: handout document, and website
  22. ↑ Schechter D. The MindBody Workbook. Los Angeles: MindBody Medicine Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929997-05-1.
  23. ↑ Schechter D, Smith AP (2005). "Long-Term Outcome of Back Pain Patients Treated by a Psychologically Based Program (Abstract #1112)" (PDF). Psychosomatic Medicine 67 (1): A–101. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
  24. ↑ "Info for Authors". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. InnoVision Communications, LLC. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  25. ↑ Ruden RA (2008). "Encoding States: A Model for the Origin and Treatment of Complex Psychogenic Pain" (PDF). Traumatology 14 (1): 119–126. doi:10.1177/1534765608315625.
  26. ↑ Cailliet, René (2003). Low Back Disorders: A Medical Enigma. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 14. ISBN 0-7817-4448-2.
  27. ↑ Stern, Howard (1995) [1995-11]. Judith Regan, ed. Miss America (Mass Market Paperback ed.). HarperCollins. Chapter 3. ISBN 0-06-109550-8.
  28. ↑ "Janette Barber (Food Network host biography)". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  29. ↑ Sall, MD, Richard E. (2004). Strategies in Workers' Compensation. Hamilton Books. p. 91. ISBN 0-7618-2771-4.
  30. ↑ Pengel LH, Herbert RD, Maher CG, Refshauge KM (2003). "Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis". BMJ 327 (7410): 323. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.323. PMC 169642. PMID 12907487.
  31. ↑ Lasalandra, Michael (11 May 1999). "Gettin back to basics; Doctor believes tension, trauma to blame for pain.". The Boston Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2013. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
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