Tethina

Tethina
Tethina lusitanica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Canacidae
Subfamily:	Tethininae
Genus:	Tethina Haliday in Curtis, 1937[1]
Type species
Opomyza (Tethina) illota Haliday in Curtis, 1937[1]
Synonyms
Rhicnoessa Loew, 1862 Phycomyza Melander, 1952[2]

Tethina is a genus of beach flies in the family Canacidae (formally Tethinidae). They are found in all terrestrial Ecozones.^[3]

Biology

Like most Tethininae, Tethina species mostly live in salty environments. They are found on coastal marine habitats including the intertidal zones and on wrack heaps, as well as salt marshes, coastal dune vegetation, and on salty soils or bare sand. Some species of Tethina are also found at desert oases.^[3]

Species

• T. acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996^[3][4]
• T. albitarsa Foster and Mathis, 1998^[3][5]
• T. alboguttata (Strobl, 1900)^[3]
• T. albosetulosa (Strobl, 1900)^[3]
• T. albula (Loew, 1869)^[3]
• T. amphitrite Munari and Báez, 2000^[3][6]
• T. angustifrons Melander, 1952^[2][3]
• T. angustipennis (Melander, 1952)^[2][3]
• T. callosirostris Munari, 2008^[3][7]
• T. cohiba Foster and Mathis, 1998^[3][5]
• T. czernyi (Hendel, 1934)^[3][8]
• T. dunae Munari, 2007^[3][9]
• T. flavigenis (Hendel, 1934)^[3][8]
• T. flavoidea Beschovski, 1997^[3][10]
• T. gatti Munari and Ebejer, 2001^[3][11]
• T. gobii Beschovski and Nartshuk, 1997^[3][12]
• T. grisea (Fallén, 1823)^[3]
• T. grossipes (Becker, 1908)^[3][13]
• T. guttata Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996^[3][4]
• T. heringi (Hendel, 1934)^[3][8]
• T. hirsuta Munari, 2000^[3][14]
• T. histrica Munari, 2009^[3][15]
• T. horripilans (Melander, 1952)^[2][3]
• T. illota (Haliday in Curtis, 1937)^[1]
• T. incisuralis (Macquart, 1851)^[3]
• T. inopinata Munari and Canzoneri, 1992^[3][16]
• T. insignis Becker, 1907^[3]
• T. insulans Curran, 1932^[3][17]
• T. intermedia Collin, 1966^[3][18]
• T. karatasensis Munari, 1981^[3][19]
• T. lisae Foster and Mathis, 1998^[3][5]
• T. litocola Munari and Ebejer, 2001^[3][11]
• T. longilabella Munari, 2007^[3][9]
• T. longirostris (Loew, 1865)^[3]
• T. lusitanica Munari, Almeida, and Andrade, 2009^[3][20]
• T. luteosetosa Beschovski and Nartshuk, 1997^[3][12]
• T. mariae Munari, 2004^[3][21]
• T. marmorata (Becker, 1908)^[3][13]
• T. melitensis Munari, 2004^[3][11]
• T. merzi Munari, 1999^[3][22]
• T. milichioides Melander, 1913^[3][23]
• T. mima Munari, 1996^[3][24]
• T. minoia Munari, 1999^[3][25]
• T. multipilosa Beschovski and Nartshuk, 1997^[3][12]
• T. munarii Carles-Tolrá, 1993^[3][26]
• T. nigriseta Malloch, 1924^[3][27]
• T. nigrofemorata Beschovski, 1997^[3][10]
• T. omanensis Munari, 2007^[3][9]
• T. orientalis Hendel, 1934^[3][8]
• T. pallidiseta Malloch, 1935^[3][28]
• T. pallipes (Loew, 1865)^[3]
• T. parvula (Loew, 1869)^[3]
• T. pictipennis Munari, 2004^[3][4]
• T. pleuralis Munari, 2010^[3][29]
• T. prognatha Melander, 1952^[2][3]
• T. robusta Foster and Mathis, 2000^[3][30]
• T. saigusai Sasakawa, 1986^[3][31]
• T. salinicola Beschovski, 1998^[3][32]
• T. sasakawai Foster and Mathis, 2008^[3][33]
• T. shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996^[3][4]
• T. soikai Munari, 1981^[3][19]
• T. spinigera Munari, 2008^[3][7]
• T. spinulosa Cole, 1923^[3][34]
• T. stobaeana Munari, 1996^[3][24]
• T. strobliana (Mercier, 1923)^[3][35]
• T. stukei Munari, 2010^[3][29]
• T. subpunctata Beschovski, 1994^[3][36]
• T. tethys Munari and Báez, 2000^[3][6]
• T. thula Munari, 2004^[3][31]
• T. tschirnhausi Munari, 1999^[3][25]
• T. willistoni Melander, 1913^[3][23]
• T. xanthopoda Williston, 1896^[3][37]
• T. yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996^[3][4]
• T. yemenensis Munari, 2004^[3][9]

References

1. Haliday, A.H. (1837 (available 1838)). "New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis’s Guide". Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2: 183–190. doi:10.1080/00222933809512369. Check date values in: |date= (help);
2. Melander, Axel Leonard (1952). "The North American species of Tethinidae (Diptera)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society (The New York Entomological Society) 59: 187–212.
3. Munari, L.; Mathis, W.N. (2010). "World Catalog of the Family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa." (PDF). Zootaxa (Magnolia Press) 2471: 1–84. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
4. Freidberg, A.; Beschovski, V. (1996). "A new species group within Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Tethinidae) with descriptions of six new Mediterranean species." (PDF). Israel Journal of Entomology (Entomological Society of Israel) 30: 91–113. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
5. Foster G.A.; Mathis, W.N. (1998). "A Revision of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda.". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (The Entomological Society of Washington) 100 (4): 601–632. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
6. Munari, Lorenzo; Báez, M. (2000). "The Tethinidae of Macaronesia: a faunal revision, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera).". Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 20: 3–30.
7. Munari, Lorenzo (2008). "Order Diptera, family Canacidae. In, A. van Harten, editor,". Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi 1: 671–679.
8. Hendel, Friedrich (1934). "Revision der Tethiniden (Dipt. Muscid. acal.)". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie (Amsterdam: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging) 77: 37–54.
9. Munari, Lorenzo (2007). "Tethinidae from the Arabian Peninsula, with descriptions of four new species (Diptera)". Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana (Società entomologica italiana) 139 (2): 101–118.
10. Beschovski, V.L. (1997). "Contribution to the Study of the Tethinidae Species from the East Mediterranean Region, with Description of Two New Species (Insecta: Diptera: Tethinidae)". Reichenbachia 32 (23): 143–149.
11. Munari, Lorenzo; Ebejer, M.J. (2001). "Three New Species of Tethina Haliday, 1838 from Malta and Tunisia, with a Revised Key to the alboguttata -Group (Diptera, Tethinidae).". Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 51: 131–145.
12. Beschovski, V.L.; Nartshuk, E.P. (1997). "The Tethinidae Species in the Collection of the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg (Insecta: Diptera: Tethinidae)". Reichenbachia 32 (22): 129–141.
13. Becker, Theodor (1908). "Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln". Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin (Zoologischen Museum in Berlin) 4 (1): –180.
14. Munari, Lorenzo (2000). "Beach Flies from South-Western coast of Australia, with Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species (Diptera Tethinidae).". Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 132 (3): 237–248.
15. Munari, Lorenzo (2009). "A new species of beach fly (Diptera: Canacidae) from the Istrian Peninsula (Adriatic Sea, Croatia)". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori (Società Veneziana di Scienze) 34: 21–24.
16. Munari, Lorenzo; Canzoneri, S. (1992). "Polimorfismo postaddominale e variabilità chetocromatica in Tethina (Tethina) albosetulosa (Strobl, 1900) con proposta di alcune nuove sinonimie e descrizione di Tethina (Tethina) inopinata sp. nov. (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori (Società Veneziana di Scienze) 17: 25–40.
17. Curran, C.H. (1932). "The Norwegian Zoological Expedition to the Galapagos Islands 1925, Conducted by Alf Wollebaek. IV. Diptera. (Excl. of Tipulidae and Culicidae).". Meddelelser fra det Zoologiske Museum (Oslo) 30: 347–366.
18. Collin, J.E. (1966). "A Revision of the Palaearctic Species of Tethina and Rhicnoessa". Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 16: 19–32.
19. Munari, Lorenzo (1981). "Tre nuove Tethina Haliday raccolte dal Prof. A. Giordani Soika in Asia minore e Senegal (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 31: 139–144.
20. Munari, Lorenzo; Almeida, J.; Andrade, R. (2009). "A very peculiar new species of Tethina Haliday, 1838 and a new record of Tethina illota (Haliday, 1838) from Portugal (Diptera: Canacidae, Tethininae).". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali -Lavori 34: 123–126.
21. Munari, Lorenzo (1997). "New Records of Tethinidae (Diptera) with Description of Tethina mariae sp. nov. from Morocco". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori 22: 29–34.
22. Munari, Lorenzo (1999). "A New Species of Tethina Haliday, 1837 from Israel (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori 24: 13–18.
23. Melander, Axel Leonard (1913). "A synopsis of the dipterous groups Agromyzinae, Milichinae, Ochthiphilinae and Geomyzinae.". Journal of the New York Entomological Society (The New York Entomological Society) 21 (4): 283–300.
24. Munari, Lorenzo (1996). "Tethinidae (Diptera) in the Museum of Zoology, Lund University". Stobaeana 6: 1–11.
25. Munari, Lorenzo (1999). "The Tethinidae of Crete: A Faunal Contribution with Descriptions of Two New Species (Diptera, Acalyptratae)". Studia dipterologica 6 (2): 365–372.
26. Carles-Tolrá (1993). "Two New Species of Psilidae and Tethinidae from Spain (Diptera)". Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana (Società Entomologica Italiana, Genova) 124 (3): 250–253.
27. Malloch, John Russel (1924). Notes on Australian Diptera. No. III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 49 (The Linnean Society of New South Wales). pp. 329–338.
28. Malloch, John Russel (1935). Notes on and descriptions of new species of Australian Diptera. Australian Zoologist 8. pp. 87–95.
29. Munari, Lorenzo = (2010). "Order Diptera, family Canacidae. In, A. van Harten, editor,". Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi 1: 647–660.
30. Foster G.A.; Mathis, W.N. (2000). "Notes on Neotropical Species of Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Tethinidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (The Entomological Society of Washington) 102 (3): 542–548.
31. Sasakawa, M. (1986). "A revision of the Japanese Tethinidae (Diptera)". Kontyû 54 (3): 433–441.
32. Beschovski, V.L. (1998). "New Data on the Distribution of Some Tethinidae (Diptera) of the Western Palaearctic Region, with Description of a New Species". Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 71: 407–412.
33. Foster G.A.; Mathis, W.N. (2008). "Review of the genus Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae) from western North America". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (The Entomological Society of Washington) 100 (2): 300–330.
34. Cole, F.R. (1923). "Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Diptera from the Islands and Adjacent Shores of the Gulf of California. II. General Report.". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (The California Academy of Sciences) 12 (5): 457–481.
35. Mercier, L. (1923). "Diptères de la Côte du Calvados. IVme liste". Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique (Le Société Entomologique de Belgique) 63 (1): 9–20.
36. Beschovski, V.L. (1994). "Tethina subpunctata sp. nov., A New Species from Tunisia (Diptera, Tethinidae)". Reichenbachia 15 (16): 197–204.
37. Williston, S.W. (1896). "XI. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies)". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (The Entomological Society of London) 3: 253–446.